motivation Flashcards
What are three key aspects of motivation?
it directs your attention
it energises you
it sustains behaviour
what is intrinsic motivation?
doing an activity for the satisfaction and fun of the act rather than external prods pressures and rewards, essentially self motivating from within
i want to
what is intrinsic motivation?
doing an activity for the satisfaction and fun of the act rather than external prods pressures and rewards, essentially self motivating from within
i want to
what is extrinsic motivation?
motivation gained from the expectation of reward or other things such as congratulations etc
it happens in the future after you do the task
i have to
what is maslows hierarchy of needs?
self actualisation
esteem needs
belongingness and love
safety
psychological
and it shows that for someone to be motivated they must achieve a certain level of the triangle before moving up eg if safety needed are met then belongingness and love needs must be met next
what are psychological needs?
need to survive eg food water warmth and rest managers can meet this through giving basic pay which enables employees to buy essentials
what are security needs?
the need to feel safe managers can meet this by offering better contracts that are longer and more secure or full time contracts to part time workers and health and safety
what are social (or belonging needs)?
the need to be part of a group or team which can be met through group events and social occasions within work
what are ego (or esteem) needs
the need to be acknowledged and respected which can happen when there’s praise given to employees or a mention etc
what are self actualisation needs?
the need to achieve something yourself which can be reached through managers delegating tasks to give an employee responsibility
what is some critical evaluation of maslows hierarchy of needs
gives a good overview of things that can motivate
the theory doesnt expand on people
going down the hierarchy of needs
unclear of time span
do all people have the same needs?
unclear how one need activates another
What is Mclellands, 1961 theory of motivational needs?
nAchievment: derive satisfaction from mastering tasks and achievement related situations, have high internal standards of excellence
nAffiliation: motivated by social contact and working with other people, want to be accepted by others and prefer collaboration over competition
nPower: strive for status and holding position of powers in groups or in society and derive pleasure from having impact on others
what did Spangler, 1992 say about nAchievment?
he said “nAchievemnt relates to career success”
What is goal setting theory (locke and latham 1990)?
goal is what a person trying to accomplish
goals must be specific and difficult for high performance
goals provide direction release energy enhance persistency and enable the search of alternative strategies for action
what are moderating factors of goal setting (locke and latham 2002)
things that can enhance and diminish the positive relationship between specific and difficult goals and task performance which are:
goal importance
self efficacy: how you think about the ability to master challenging tasks
feedback
task complexity
what is the evaluation of goal setting theory ?
it has strong empirical evidence (experimental)
offers clear approach to organisations
task performance only?
conflicting goals eg quality vs quantity
static view of motivation
where do goals come from?
what is job design?
the process of assigning jobs tasks and what the job will entail in order to create good cohesion between job roles in order for the business to run smoothly
what is job redesign?
techniques s desugned to increase one or more of te variety, autonomy and competence of a persons work tasks (arnold (2010, p704).
what is scientific management (Taylorism)
it aims to achieve efficiency standardisation and discipline through scientific selection, job design and work measurement
how can managers use taylorism?
they decide on an optimum degree of task fragmentation
tey decide on mot efficient way of performing work parts
train employees to carry out tasks in specific ways
they use close supervision
speed up and maximise economic activity through financial rewards
whats the negatives of taylorism?
can lead to low job satisfaction, poor mental health, strikes, turnover and absenteeism because the work is tedious
what is the job characteristics model (hackman and oldham, 1980)
this model believes that the nature of the task is what effects motivation and in turn performance of employees
skill variety
task identity
task significance
autonomy
job feedback
what is skill variety?
how many different skills and talents the job requires and is it repetitive
more skill variety leads to job satisfaction and motivation
what is task identity?
is the task clearly defined from start to finis? do they know what they are doing and when the task is done to a good standard?
what is task signifiance?
how close is the task at hand to your job role, just task meaningfulness to the lives or work of others
what is autonomy?
how much freedom they have in work, how much independence in decision making?
what is job feedback?
the extent to which the job
itself (as opposed to other
people) provides
information on how well
one is performing
What is Theory of Purposeful Work Behaviour (TPWB) (Barrick et al., 2013)
Individual differences in motivational strivings – communion, status,
autonomy, achievement (related to Big 5 personality) – are linked to
people’s preferences for goals and job characteristics
Strivings helped by specific job features, i.e., work characteristics, e.g.:
– Extraverted persons strive more for power and status; jobs with task
significance give them opportunity to exert influence
– Openness (Big 5) is related to striving for autonomy; jobs that provide
autonomy may give opportunity to show creativity
* Coproduce experienced meaningfulness and, in turn, increased
motivation and work outcomes
what are the big 5 personality traits?
openness
concientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
how does justice link to motivation?
People have universal desire for fairness
(In-)Justice can motivate people to action
what is equity theory (Adams, 1969)?
it says that people will be motivated at work when they perceive that they are being treated fairly
if there is no equity norm this leads to a social comparison which can cause a perceived imbalance, this can be bad as it can cause demotivation or worse performance and absenteeism etc
what is equity norm?
people expect a fair return for their work
what is social comparison?
comparing own with others input and rewards
how do you reduce a perceived imbalance?
cognitive distortion: distort inputs/rewards in their mind
altering inputs/rewards eg absenteeism, lowered perofromance, theft
what is Distributive justice?
are outcomes/rewards fair?
Guiding principles: equity, equality and needs
what is a key feature of equity and justice theories?
people are motivated by fairness
what is Procedural justice?
is the reward allocation process fair?
Guiding principles: absence of bias, accuracy of information used, representation, error-correction and ethical
what is Interactional justice?
do people relate to us in a fair way?
Guiding principles: courtesy, respect and access to information
name some evaluation points of equity and justice theories
equity theory doesnt explain peoples reaction when overcompensated
Organisational justice a greater motivational factor in individualist than collectivist cultures
