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Psychology > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

define motivation

A

Describes why a person does something. It is the driving force behind human actions. Motivation is the process that initiates, guides & maintains goal-oriented behaviours. It includes the physiological, emotional, social & cognitive forces that activate human behaviour.

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2
Q

list the sources of motivation

A
  1. physiological
  2. cognitions
  3. emotions
  4. social
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3
Q

define emotions

A

Reactions that human beings experience in response to events or situations. Type of emotion a person experiences is determined by the circumstance that triggers the emotion.

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4
Q

list examples of physiological needs in humans

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • sex
  • temperature
  • excretory
  • sleep & rest
  • activity
  • aggression
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5
Q

list examples of social needs in humans

A
  • achievement
  • need for social bonds
  • autonomy
  • nurturance motivation
  • dominance
  • exhibition motive
  • order motive
  • play motive
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6
Q

define self determination

A

Self-determination refers to a person’s ability to make choices and manage their own life. Being self-determined means that you feel in greater control, as opposed to being non-self-determined, which can leave you feeling that your life is controlled by others.

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7
Q

what is the self determination theory?

A

It seeks to explain how being self-determined impacts motivation—that people feel more motivated to take action when they think that what they do will have an effect on the outcome

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8
Q

who is behind the self determination theory?

A

Deci and Ryan

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9
Q

what theory did Deci & Ryan create?

A

Self-determination theory

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10
Q

list the 4 characteristics of the SDT?

A
  1. The need for growth drives behaviour
  2. People are intrinsically motivated by things that satisfy their basic psychological needs
  3. Autonomous motivation is important
  4. SDT is based on a spectrum or continuum
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11
Q

define intrinsic motivation

A

when people participate in an activity or complete a task because they will benefit from it. It depends on the individual’s own attitudes & beliefs. It has greater endurance than extrinsic motivation. It focuses primarily on internal sources of motivation, such as learning to gain independence & wanting to prove yourself.

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12
Q

define extrinsic motivation

A

when people participate in an activity or complete a task because they will receive something in return

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13
Q

define amotivation

A

lack of or absence of drive to engage in any activity. They are only performed because they have to get done – not out of enjoyment or because it fulfills the individual, rather because the individual has little to no choice on whether they want to partake in said behaviour. This leads to a lack of control given that this behaviour is not done willingly.

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14
Q

list the 3 psychological needs for motivation

A
  1. competence
  2. relatedness
  3. autonomy
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15
Q

define competence

A

describes someone who has sufficient qualities to perform a given task or to describe the state of having sufficient intellect, judgement, skill &/or strength

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16
Q

define relatedness

A

ability to feel a sense of both attachment to other people & a sense of belonging amongst other people or a social group.

17
Q

define autonomy

A

ability to feel in control of 1’s behaviour & destiny & involves self-initiation & self-regulation of 1’s own behaviour.

18
Q

what are the limitations/weaknesses of the SDT?

A

Theory doesn’t account for social & cultural factors that influence motivation & behaviour

Criticised for placing too much emphasis on individualistic cultures & neglecting role of collectivist cultures in shaping motivation & behaviour

It’s too complex & has low predictive power

19
Q

what are the strengths of the SDT?

A

Can be applied to range of topics & has generated large amount of research in last decades.

20
Q

who created the hierarchy of needs?

A

Maslow

21
Q

What theory did Maslow create?

A

The hierarchy of needs

22
Q

list the 5 levels of the hierarchy of needs?

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. love & belongingness needs
  4. esteem needs
  5. self-actualisation needs
23
Q

define physiological needs

A

biological requirements for human survival e.g. air, food, drink, shelter, clothing, warmth, sex & sleep

24
Q

define safety needs

A

people want to experience order, predictability & control in their lives

25
Q

define love & belongingness needs

A

refers to a human emotional need for interpersonal relationships, affiliating, connectedness & being part of a group

26
Q

define esteem needs

A

4th level in Maslow’s hierarchy & include self-worth, accomplishment & respect

27
Q

define self-actualisation needs

A

highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy & refer to the realisation of a person’s potential, self-fulfilment, seeking personal growth & peak experiences

28
Q

define deficiency needs

A

concerned with basic survival & include physiological needs & safety needs, love & belongingness needs & esteem needs

29
Q

define growth needs

A

more physiological & associated with realising individual’s full potential & needing to ‘self-actualise’. These needs are achieved more through intellectual & creative behaviours

30
Q

list the 3 needs Maslow added to his updated model

A
  1. cognitive needs
  2. aesthetic needs
  3. transcendence needs
31
Q

define cognitive needs

A

knowledge & understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning, & predictability

32
Q

define aesthetic needs

A

appreciation & search for beauty, balance, form, etc. Fulfilling these needs leads to deeper sense of satisfaction & harmony in life, as individuals seek enviros & experiences that are pleasing & resonant with their sense of beauty

33
Q

define transcendence needs

A

a person is motivated by values that transcend beyond the personal self. Beyond self-actualisation, they represent human desire to connect with a higher reality, purpose or universe

34
Q

list some limitations of Maslow’s model

A

Most significant limitation: his methodology. Used a qualitative method called biographical analysis

Looked at biographies & writings of 18 people (small sample size therefore not representative & can’t be generalised to wider population)

From scientific perspective, this method is extremely subjective as it’s based entirely on the opinion of the researcher. Personal opinion is always prone to bias which reduces the validity of the data. (not valid)

Biased sample: highly educated white males (small, biased sample size therefore not representative & can’t be generalised to wider population

Small proportion of females in his sample, but can’t generalise to females & individuals from lower social classes or ethnicity

35
Q

list some strengths of Maslow’s model

A

Positive & optimistic focus on human potential & growth emphasising self-actualisation & transcendence – suggest capacity for personal growth & fulfilment

Has practical applications

Significant influence on psychology shaping motivation & personal development

Explains why individuals prioritise certain needs over others

36
Q

list the characteristics of self-actualised people as defined by Maslow

A
  • highly creative
  • accept themselves & others for what they are
  • unusual sense of humour
  • democratic attitudes
  • strong moral/ethical standards
  • perceive reality efficiently & can tolerate uncertainty
  • concerned for welfare of humanity
  • problem-focused
  • able to look at life objectively
  • need for privacy
  • spontaneous in thought & action
  • resistant to enculturation
  • capable of deep appreciation of basic life experience
  • establish deep satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few people
  • peak experiences

Psychology (9 decks)

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