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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is perception?

A

There are three processes: selection, organisation, and interpretation, that are specific to vision

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2
Q

What is sensation?

A

The process of our sensory organs recieving information from the environment and sending it to the relevant part of the brain.

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3
Q

What are the 3 processes of sensation?

A

Reception, transduction and transmission.

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4
Q

Who are the theorists behind the multi-store model of memory?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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5
Q

What are the 3 processes of memory?

A

encoding, storage and retrieval

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6
Q

what is encoding?

A

The conversion of sensory information into a usable form so that it can be neurologically presented and stored in memory.

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7
Q

What is storage?

A

The retention of encoding information over time.

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8
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of getting information back from memory so that we can use it.

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of memory?

A

Sensory memory, Short term memory, Long term memory.

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10
Q

What are the two sensory registers of sensory memory?

A

Iconic and echoic memory.

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11
Q

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A

unlimited

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12
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Used to describe visual information and is stored for one third of a second.

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13
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

describes auditory sensory memory and is stored for 3 to 4 seconds.

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14
Q

What is short term memory?

A

A memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is retained for a relatively short time, unless renewed in some way.

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15
Q

What is long term memory?

A

It stores a potentially unlimited amount of information relatively permanently. There are different types and they are associated with different kinds of information and memory processes.

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16
Q

What are the two types of LTM?

A

Explicit and implicit

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17
Q

What is explicit memory AKA?

A

declarative memory

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18
Q

what is implicit memory AKA?

A

non-declarative memory

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19
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

LTM that doesn’t require conscious or intentional retrieval.

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of implicit memory?

A

Procedural memory and classically conditioned memory

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21
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

LTM for skills involved in particular tasks. The memories are based on practice and include muscle memory.

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22
Q

What is classically conditioned memory?

A

A conditioned response to conditioned stimuli. they are involuntary reflex responses.

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23
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

LTM that can be consciously retrieved.

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of explicit memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

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25
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

LTM of personally significant events associated with a particular time and place.

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26
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

LTM of facts and knowledge about the world.

27
Q

what is the name of Baddeley & Hitch’s model?

A

Working Memory model or working model of memory

28
Q

name the theorists behind the working memory model

A

Baddeley and hitch

29
Q

what are the 4 aspects of working memory

A

central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, VSSP

30
Q

what does VSSP stand for?

A

visuospatial sketchpad

31
Q

define working memory

A

system for working with the information we are aware of at any given time

32
Q

which aspect of working memory was added later?

A

the episodic buffer

33
Q

define episodic buffer

A

subsystem that helps to retrieve information from the long term memory to associate with information that is in the working memory and to select and encode information into the LTM

34
Q

why was the episodic buffer added?

A

the working memory model didn’t explain how working memory actually links to the LTM

35
Q

define phonological loop

A

sub-system responsible for the auditory working memory. Helps understand a sentence of more than a few words

36
Q

what is phonological loop also known as

A

articulatory rehearsal loop

37
Q

define VSSP

A

subsystem storage system for visual information in the working memory

38
Q

define central executive

A

the functional component of working memory that is responsible for switching attention from task to task, deciding what material is to be retrieved from or committed to the LTM and for performing calculations and making linkages

39
Q

name the 3 functions of the central executive

A

inhibition, switching, and updating

40
Q

in the central executive, what does inhibition mean

A

screening out irrelevant material

41
Q

in the central executive, what does switching mean

A

changing attention from one item to another

42
Q

in the central executive, what does updating mean

A

modifying items brought on from the LTM before sending them to memory through the episodic buffer

43
Q

what is the duration of short term memory?

A

18 - 20 seconds

44
Q

what is the capacity of short term memory?

A

very limited

45
Q

how much information can be held in the short term memory at one time?

A

plus or minus 7 ‘bits’ of information

46
Q

define maintenance rehearsal

A

a commonly used method of renewal which can allow information to last for up to 30 seconds - repeating things over and over

47
Q

define attention

A

process of focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the environment whilst ignoring and excluding others

48
Q

define divided attention

A

refers to ability to distribute our attention so that 2 or more activities may be performed simultaneously

49
Q

define selective attention

A

involves choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same excluding other stimuli

50
Q

what was Cherry’s experiment called?

A

the cocktail effect

51
Q

who was the theorist behind the cocktail effect?

A

Cherry

52
Q

what does the cocktail effect discuss?

A

attention

53
Q

where is the hippocampus?

A

the interior of each temporal lobe

54
Q

what is the hippocampus?

A

a medial temporal lobe structure that is crucial for LTM formation

55
Q

what does the hippocampus connect to?

A

the frontal lobe, thalamus and amygdala

56
Q

what are the functions of the hippocampus in memory

A
  1. Hippocampus and memory
    a) formation of explicit memories
    b) consolidating memories
    c) transferring new memory for storage
    d) spatial memory
  2. Linking emotion to memory
57
Q

where is the amygdala?

A

just above the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe

58
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

small structure that has an important role in processing and regulating emotional reactions that may be experienced intensely

59
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

has a role in the memory of how to perform a motor skill

60
Q

what type of memory does the cerebellum have a role in?

A

implicit procedural memories

61
Q

outline cherry’s procedure

A

participants listened to 1 message in the right ear and 1 message in the left ear. Participants had the task of separating the messages

62
Q

define the cocktail party effect

A

the ability to separate 1 conversation from another

63
Q

outline cherry’s findings

A
  • participants could easily/accuratly tune in to either message & shift attention back & forth between messages
  • we are able to listen to multiple conversations at once & reject all but 1 conversation that we are interested in

Psychology (9 decks)

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