Memory

Question 1

What is perception?

Answer 1

There are three processes: selection, organisation, and interpretation, that are specific to vision

Question 2

What is sensation?

Answer 2

The process of our sensory organs recieving information from the environment and sending it to the relevant part of the brain.

Question 3

What are the 3 processes of sensation?

Answer 3

Reception, transduction and transmission.

Question 4

Who are the theorists behind the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 4

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 5

What are the 3 processes of memory?

Answer 5

encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 6

what is encoding?

Answer 6

The conversion of sensory information into a usable form so that it can be neurologically presented and stored in memory.

Question 7

What is storage?

Answer 7

The retention of encoding information over time.

Question 8

What is retrieval?

Answer 8

The process of getting information back from memory so that we can use it.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of memory?

Answer 9

Sensory memory, Short term memory, Long term memory.

Question 10

What are the two sensory registers of sensory memory?

Answer 10

Iconic and echoic memory.

Question 11

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

Answer 11

unlimited

Question 12

What is iconic memory?

Answer 12

Used to describe visual information and is stored for one third of a second.

Question 13

What is echoic memory?

Answer 13

describes auditory sensory memory and is stored for 3 to 4 seconds.

Question 14

What is short term memory?

Answer 14

A memory system with limited storage capacity in which information is retained for a relatively short time, unless renewed in some way.

Question 15

What is long term memory?

Answer 15

It stores a potentially unlimited amount of information relatively permanently. There are different types and they are associated with different kinds of information and memory processes.

Question 16

What are the two types of LTM?

Answer 16

Explicit and implicit

Question 17

What is explicit memory AKA?

Answer 17

declarative memory

Question 18

what is implicit memory AKA?

Answer 18

non-declarative memory

Question 19

What is implicit memory?

Answer 19

LTM that doesn’t require conscious or intentional retrieval.

Question 20

What are the 2 types of implicit memory?

Answer 20

Procedural memory and classically conditioned memory

Question 21

What is procedural memory?

Answer 21

LTM for skills involved in particular tasks. The memories are based on practice and include muscle memory.

Question 22

What is classically conditioned memory?

Answer 22

A conditioned response to conditioned stimuli. they are involuntary reflex responses.

Question 23

What is explicit memory?

Answer 23

LTM that can be consciously retrieved.

Question 24

What are the 2 types of explicit memory?

Answer 24

Episodic and semantic

Question 25

What is episodic memory?

Answer 25

LTM of personally significant events associated with a particular time and place.

Question 26

what is semantic memory?

Answer 26

LTM of facts and knowledge about the world.

Question 27

what is the name of Baddeley & Hitch's model?

Answer 27

Working Memory model or working model of memory

Question 28

name the theorists behind the working memory model

Answer 28

Baddeley and hitch

Question 29

what are the 4 aspects of working memory

Answer 29

central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, VSSP

Question 30

what does VSSP stand for?

Answer 30

visuospatial sketchpad

Question 31

define working memory

Answer 31

system for working with the information we are aware of at any given time

Question 32

which aspect of working memory was added later?

Answer 32

the episodic buffer

Question 33

define episodic buffer

Answer 33

subsystem that helps to retrieve information from the long term memory to associate with information that is in the working memory and to select and encode information into the LTM

Question 34

why was the episodic buffer added?

Answer 34

the working memory model didn't explain how working memory actually links to the LTM

Question 35

define phonological loop

Answer 35

sub-system responsible for the auditory working memory. Helps understand a sentence of more than a few words

Question 36

what is phonological loop also known as

Answer 36

articulatory rehearsal loop

Question 37

define VSSP

Answer 37

subsystem storage system for visual information in the working memory

Question 38

define central executive

Answer 38

the functional component of working memory that is responsible for switching attention from task to task, deciding what material is to be retrieved from or committed to the LTM and for performing calculations and making linkages

Question 39

name the 3 functions of the central executive

Answer 39

inhibition, switching, and updating

Question 40

in the central executive, what does inhibition mean

Answer 40

screening out irrelevant material

Question 41

in the central executive, what does switching mean

Answer 41

changing attention from one item to another

Question 42

in the central executive, what does updating mean

Answer 42

modifying items brought on from the LTM before sending them to memory through the episodic buffer

Question 43

what is the duration of short term memory?

Answer 43

18 - 20 seconds

Question 44

what is the capacity of short term memory?

Answer 44

very limited

Question 45

how much information can be held in the short term memory at one time?

Answer 45

plus or minus 7 'bits' of information

Question 46

define maintenance rehearsal

Answer 46

a commonly used method of renewal which can allow information to last for up to 30 seconds - repeating things over and over

Question 47

define attention

Answer 47

process of focusing on specific stimuli or aspects of the environment whilst ignoring and excluding others

Question 48

define divided attention

Answer 48

refers to ability to distribute our attention so that 2 or more activities may be performed simultaneously

Question 49

define selective attention

Answer 49

involves choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same excluding other stimuli

Question 50

what was Cherry's experiment called?

Answer 50

the cocktail effect

Question 51

who was the theorist behind the cocktail effect?

Answer 51

Cherry

Question 52

what does the cocktail effect discuss?

Answer 52

attention

Question 53

where is the hippocampus?

Answer 53

the interior of each temporal lobe

Question 54

what is the hippocampus?

Answer 54

a medial temporal lobe structure that is crucial for LTM formation

Question 55

what does the hippocampus connect to?

Answer 55

the frontal lobe, thalamus and amygdala

Question 56

what are the functions of the hippocampus in memory

Answer 56

1. Hippocampus and memory a) formation of explicit memories b) consolidating memories c) transferring new memory for storage d) spatial memory 2. Linking emotion to memory

Question 57

where is the amygdala?

Answer 57

just above the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe

Question 58

what is the amygdala?

Answer 58

small structure that has an important role in processing and regulating emotional reactions that may be experienced intensely

Question 59

what is the cerebellum?

Answer 59

has a role in the memory of how to perform a motor skill

Question 60

what type of memory does the cerebellum have a role in?

Answer 60

implicit procedural memories

Question 61

outline cherry's procedure

Answer 61

participants listened to 1 message in the right ear and 1 message in the left ear. Participants had the task of separating the messages

Question 62

define the cocktail party effect

Answer 62

the ability to separate 1 conversation from another

Question 63

outline cherry's findings

Answer 63

- participants could easily/accuratly tune in to either message & shift attention back & forth between messages - we are able to listen to multiple conversations at once & reject all but 1 conversation that we are interested in