Forgetting & Remembering

Question 1

define retrieval cue

Answer 1

Any stimulus that assists the process of locating & recovering info stored in LTM. It acts as a prompt that guides the search & recovery process within memory.

Question 2

limitation of retrieval failure theory

Answer 2

It doesn’t explain forgetting due to anxiety related memories, brain trauma or memories that interfere with one another.

Question 3

define interference theory

Answer 3

Proposes that forgetting in LTM occurs because other memories interfere with the retrieval of what we are trying to recover, particularly if the other memories are similar.

Question 4

what are the 2 types of interference?

Answer 4

retroactive interference and proactive interference

Question 5

define retroactive interference

Answer 5

When new info interferes with the ability to remember old info.

Question 6

define proactive interference

Answer 6

Info learnt previously can interfere with our ability to remember new info.

Question 7

define motivated forgetting

Answer 7

Describes forgetting that arises from a strong motive or desire to forget, usually because the experience is too disturbing or upsetting to remember.

Question 8

define repression

Answer 8

Involves unconsciously blocking a memory of an event or experience from entering conscious awareness.

Question 9

define suppression

Answer 9

Involves being motivated to forget an event or experience by making a deliberate conscious effort to keep it out of conscious awareness.

Question 10

what are the 2 types of motivated forgetting?

Answer 10

Repression and suppression

Question 11

define decay theory

Answer 11

Forgetting occurs because the neural representation of a memory (called a memory trace) fades through disuse as time passes, unless its reactivated by being used occasionally.

Question 12

what are the 3 main measures of remembering?

Answer 12

recall, recognition, and re-learning

Question 13

define recall

Answer 13

Involves reproducing info stored in memory, whether or not a cue is used to assist the retrieval process.

Question 14

name the types of recall

Answer 14

free recall, serial recall, and cued

Question 15

define free recall

Answer 15

Involves reproducing as much info as possible in no particular order.

Question 16

define serial recall

Answer 16

Involves reproducing info in the order in which it was presented.

Question 17

define cued recall

Answer 17

Involves use of specific prompts (cues) to aid retrieval & therefore reproduction of the require info.

Question 18

define recognition

Answer 18

Involves identifying the correct info from among alternatives. Sometimes there is incorrect info amongst the correct info.

Question 19

define re-learning

Answer 19

Involves learning info again that has been previously learned & stored in the LTM.

Question 20

what is re-learning AKA?

Answer 20

method of savings

Question 21

what is Craik & Tulving’s study called?

Answer 21

Depth of processing & retention of words in episodic memory

Question 22

what is the aim of craik & tulving’s study?

Answer 22

to investigate how deep and shallow processing affects memory recall

Question 23

results/findings of Craik & Tulving’s study

Answer 23

participants recalled more words that were semantically processed compared to phonemically & visually processed words

Question 24

what causes Wernicke-Korsakoffs Syndrome?

Answer 24

deficiency in thiamine or vitamin B1

Question 25

list changes in personality & behaviour that may occur in Alzheimer’s

Answer 25

• depression
• loss of interest in activities
• social withdrawal
• mood swings
• distrust in others
• anger/aggression
• changes in sleeping habits
• wandering
• loss of inhibitions
• delusions

Question 26

define alzheimer’s disease

Answer 26

a brain disorder that gets worse over time & is characterised by changes in the brain that lead to deposits of certain proteins.

Question 27

what does CTE stand for?

Answer 27

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Question 28

what is CTE

Answer 28

a brain disorder likely caused by repeated head injuries & causes death of nerve cells in the brain (degeneration)

Question 29

list the behavioural changes in CTE

Answer 29

• impulsive behaviour
• aggression

Question 30

list the mood disorders occurring in CTE

Answer 30

• depression or apathy
• emotional instability
• substance misuse
• suicidal thoughts & behaviours

Question 31

who are the theorists behind the levels of processing model of memory?

Answer 31

Craik & Lockhart

Question 32

What theory did Craik & Lockhart propose?

Answer 32

Levels of processing model of memory

Question 33

what are the 2 levels of processing memory?

Answer 33

1. shallow level
2. deep level

Question 34

what does shallow level processing include?

Answer 34

structural & phonemic processing

Question 35

define structural processing

Answer 35

when we encode only the physical qualities of something

Question 36

define phonemic processing

Answer 36

when we encode its sound

Question 37

what does deep level processing include?

Answer 37

semantic & elaborative processing

Question 38

define semantic processing

Answer 38

occurs when we encode the meaning of a word & relate it to similar words with similar meaning

Question 39

define elaborative rehearsal

Answer 39

process of linking new info in a meaningful way with other new info or info already stored in the LTM to aid in its storage & retrieval from LTM

Question 40

define rehearsal

Answer 40

process of consciously manipulating info to keep it in STM, to transfer it to LTM or to aid storage & retrieval

Question 41

list the 2 main types of rehearsal

Answer 41

1. maintenance rehearsal
2. elaborative rehearsal

Question 42

define maintenance rehearsal

Answer 42

involves repeating the info being remember over & over again so that it can be retained in the STM

Question 43

which is the most sensitive measure of remembering?

Answer 43

re-learning