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Y13 A Level Geography- Moss > Moss- AI Questions? > Flashcards

Moss- AI Questions? Flashcards

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1
Q

Compare Landfill and Incineration?

A

LANDFILL

  • multiple types of waste
  • can be effectively managed and sheeted
  • unsightly
  • decaying matter creates methane
  • high transportation costs

INCINERATION

  • decreased volume of waste by 90%
  • secondary aggregate used in construction
  • energy generated

-creates gg in combustion -expensive -capacity limitations

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2
Q

What is the IWC and what year were they founded?

A

The IWC= 1946

Aimed to protect whale stocks and decrease fishing of whales for baleen

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3
Q

What came after the founding of the IWC in 1946?

A

Whaling Moratorium= official ban on whaling within Antarctica
1980’s

Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary

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4
Q

What year was the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary created?

A

1994

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5
Q

Why does fishing take place and what kind?

A

KRILL= omega 3= high commerce value

UNDERPIN THE WHOLE ANTARTIC SYSTEM- Antarctic Convergence Zone

IUU FISHING= illegal, unregulated and unrecorded

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6
Q

Define Edge Cities and the main characteristics?

A

-Settlements on the boundaries of the main, central urban landscape/ beyond the city boundary

eg : The urban landscape of NORTH AMERICA
Los Angeles - 20 edge cities, 18 million people

-Can lead to extreme social segregation

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7
Q

Define Town Centre Mixed Developments and the main characteristics?

A
  • Have functions other than retailing
    eg: leisure facilities such as cinemas, wine bars, clubs/ night life and new offices and apartments

-CDB DECLINE eg; Swindon- Big Screen on Canary Warf

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8
Q

Define Gentrified Areas and the main characteristics?

A
  • The buying and renovating of run down properties by WEALTHIER INDIVIDUALS
  • COMMUNITING COSTS
  • “THE PIONEER IMAGE” = trendsetters and artists move into edgy areas/ hipsterfication= SHOREDICTCH in London
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9
Q

Define Fortress Developments and the main characteristics?

A

Main focus on SAFETY and EXCLUSION
Decreased crime in urban hotspots due to fortress landscapes
Railings and Fencing- Mosquito alarms and anti-homeless benches and spikes

(Outside Selfridges in Manchester)

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10
Q

Define Cultural and Heritage Quarters and the main characteristics?

A

CULTRAL= “culturally led” urban developments- cultural production and consumption

HERITAGE= localised history and small scale markets eg: Birmingham’s jewellery quarter
“a tool for regeneration”

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11
Q

Main points regarding post-modern Western cities?

A

Changes to western society in the late 20th century
eg: LOS ANGELES CENTRAL LIBARY

  • 2 A’s
  • ART and ARCHETECTURE

-Increased ethnic diversity but also increased social segregation and polarisation

Views modern society as OUTDATED

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12
Q

Explain how Endogenous factors affect the sense of place of an area?

AI: “physical geography” and “land use”

A

Endogenous factors are those which originate internally and influence the character of place/ “genius loci” present

This affects the character of place, which -as Yi Fu Tuan states- refers to security and is subjective

For example, Lead mines at Helvellyn within the Lake District National Park dominated the industry throughout the 19th century. Thus, new developments need to “fit” with the local infrastructure that is dominated by lead and slate building materials

After the achievement of becoming a World Heritage Site in 2018, the LDNP aims to restore the places history through architecture.

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13
Q

Describe patterns of Production, Consumption and Distribution?

A

HIC’s= automotive markets- producers of steel and iron

Middle Eastern/ Emerging Economies= oil industry -QUATAR

Emerging Economies= the textile and clothing industry- China

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14
Q

What’s a SEZ?

A

Chinese government- areas within a country that have relaxed tariffs and lesser trading regulations
Chiang Khong- Thai Government

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15
Q

What is SDT?

A

Special Differential Treatment

Exempts developing countries from the same trade rules and disciplines than those of developed countries

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16
Q 
Walmart Case Study- TNC
COUNTRIES 
EMPLOYEES
COULETS IN INDIA 
NAME OF INDIAN WALMART
A

24 countries
2.3 million “associates”
70 outlets in India
Indian Walmart= “Flipkart Wholesale”

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17
Q

Explain the formation of Thunderstorms?

A

HOT, HUMID AIR
Characterised by- HEAVY PPT, Associated with- THUNDER AND LIGHTINING

  1. Convectional Uplift takes place
  2. Cumulonimbus clouds may form
  3. An up draught of air through the central area of the towering cloud causes rapid cooling and condensation
  4. = water droplets, hail, ice
  5. During this condensation, latent heat is released fuelling convectional uplift
  6. As raindrops are split in the up draught, a positive electrical charge builds
  7. Produces lightening

(8. The extreme temperatures generated cause a rapid expansion of air which develops a shockwave= Thunder)

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18
Q

Define the Venturi effect?

A

The channelling of urban wind into an increasingly narrow gap resulting in a pressure decrease and a velocity increase

PRESSURE- DOWN
VELOCITY-UP

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19
Q

UDC Figures?

A

1980’s
190,000 jobs nationally
12 billion in private sector investment

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20
Q

City Challenge Figures?

A

1990’s
40,000 houses improved
reclaimed 2,000 ha of derelict land

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21
Q

New Deals for Communities?

A

2000’s
2000-2008
=improvement in 32 of 36 key indicators
Covering crime education and healthcare

22
Q

How has the role of the built environment shaped your distant case study?

A

The name of the River Lea was first recorded in the 9th century, although is believed to be much older.
1312- The River Lea and Industrialisation
19th Century- Furniture moved into Shoreditch Area

LDDC- Canary Warf- CBD- 1986

London Gatwick Airport- 1958 72bn- HS2

23
Q

Through Gentrification, how much has Chatsworth road houses increased by?

A

15years ago- EX COUNCIL HOUSE 70,000

Present day- 500,000

24
Q

Who created Stories of A Hackney Gentrification?

A

“This publication was produced as part of Connect Hackney,
one of 14 schemes funded nationally through the
Big Lottery Fund’s Ageing Better programme”

Responding to the “Commonwealth Recruitment Call” from the “Mother Country”

25
Q

What is the relationship between China and Angola?

A

FDI
In 2008 Angola became the biggest strategic partner in Africa with transactions reaching 30 billion dollars

LARGEST= Bengo and Luana

China= raw materials and petroleum 
Angola= progress post-civil war economy

IFC- INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION- member of the World Bank Group= The IFC has invested more than $25 billion in African businesses and financial institutions- largest global development institution focused exclusively on the private sector in developing regions of the world like Africa.

26
Q

Explain how globalisation poses a threat to one of the global commons?

A

Globalisation presents a severe threat to the HIGH SEAS by overfishing, pollution and acidification
Overfishing takes place as global / international markets increase on a global scale leading to IUU fishing and unsustainable fishing
Pollution takes place due to lack of environmental standards as oil leaks into water courses
Acidification takes place as increased carbon production from factories and air travel increased carbon within the planet and warms the planet

27
Q

Give the three laid down rules by the Antarctic Treaty?

A

1959
53 countries

  • Promote peace throughout Antarctica
  • Keep it as a Global Commons
  • Cooperation of Scientific Research
28
Q

Give one example of how TNC decisions can change the character of a place?

A

Detroit- peak population at 1.8 million

2011 census= a decrease in 700,000
20% of the population unemployed
High crime rates

29
Q

Briefly outline the Industrial past of Hackney?

A

1322- River Lea= increased manufacture and trading

18th century- Shoreditch= FURNITURE
Late 18th century thanks to its prime location next to the Lea Navigation canal, which provided it with an excellent means of transporting raw materials and finished goods

18650’s/ 60’s= INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

30
Q

Name the three Regeneration polices in London and give figures for each?

A

1980’- LDDC- 59,000 jobs and created 12m for businesses

1990’s- City Challenge- 2,000 ha of reclaimed land, 40,000 houses

2000’s+- New Deals for communities- improvement in 32/39 areas

31
Q

Give the FOUR main reasons for the UHI effect?

A

Low albedo
Low evapotranspiration
High anthropogenic activities
High air pollution- creating a pollution dome and temp inversion

32
Q

Why is Mumbai at risk of flooding?

A

Monsoon Climate- July- 920mm

5 Rivers flow through Mumbai- Mithi

33
Q

Global Imports and Exports of Bananas?

A

The 5th most traded agricultural global commodity

In 2013, 16.5 million tonnes were exported from Latin America and the Caribbean

EXPORTERS= Columbia, Ecuador, Costa Rica “race to the bottom”

IMPORTERS= EU and USA= 27% of total imports

34
Q

Outline the environmental impacts of waste recovery?

A

Frequently energy is generated from waste recovery for example at Avonmouth Bristol
meaning that not only is landfill reduced but also renewable energy is generated, reducing CO2 emissions. At the Avonmouth plant, 200000 tonnes of waste can be processed, generating enough electricity for 44000 homes
Waste recovery also has negative impacts for example Avonmouth has been shut down as it was unable to meet its energy targets due to high costs
Local residents have also complained about flies and smell pollution

35
Q

Outline characterises of an area undergoing urban resurgence?

A

Urban resurgence occurs when an urban area is developed following a period of decline this may happen as a result of government policies to regenerate inner-city areas.
Typically, people move back into inner city and central areas often young upwardly mobile people and university students seeking ‘on-tap’ entertainment.
Government policies such as partnership schemes regenerate areas that have suffered
from deindustrialisation and convert run-down housing and old industrial buildings into modern flats and buildings which appeal to YOUNG people “studentification”

Trendy restaurants and gastropubs are quickly established along with artisan bakeries
which attract more people into the area. Individual homes are often redeveloped
resulting in gentrification and property prices rapidly increase in value

36
Q

Outline one air quality management strategy?

A

London has been declared an Air Quality Management Area.
This was needed as in 2015 it had the highest levels of NO2 in Europe.
As part of this policy they issue fines for vehicle engine idling in the Square Mile
London has also adopted zero-emission buses and taxis to reduce levels of pollutants.

37
Q

Explain how differential access affects economic wellbeing?

A

Some countries do not have access to trading blocs which limits trade
For example, Ukraine does not have access to the single market of the EU and has to negotiate its own deal
This means Ukrainians are not free to move to the EU to earn higher wages reducing economic well-being
• Trade agreements can be seen as being unfair. Developing countries don’t have access to the rich markets of the EU
This results in them finding it harder to trade and
subsequently develop. The WTO has sought to ensure that developing countries all have preferential access to developed trade markets

This provision is called Special and Differential Treatment (SDT)= faster income and growth.

38
Q

How is security a contributing factor to Globalisation?

A

Terrorism is a threat to globalisation and can interrupt the flow of goods and labour.
USA= an organisation called C-TPAT which is
focused on improving the security of private companies’ supply chains
There are 11 000 members which encourages world trade as these companies are considered low risk
and trade is speeded up by less rigorous customs checks
Cyber security is becoming an increasing factor due to dependence on information systems
Initiatives to increase the level of security at both national and
global scales = the UK the National Cyber Security Centre works with governments and companies to reduce cybercrime increasing confidence in UK
information systems.

39
Q

What year was the London Smog and what year was the Clean Air Act?
What year was Altab Ali murdered?

A 
1952= SMOG 
1956= Clean Air Act

Altab Ali= 1978= racially motivated

40
Q

What are the three main ways that you can change a place meaning as an “agent of change”?

A

PLACE MARKETING- The Lake District as the Adventure Capital of the UK

REBRADING- The slogan “People Make Glasgow” to Scotland’s largest city- made on a “crowdsourcing” social media campaign

RE-IMAGNING= Blackpool= regeneration
Hounds Hill shopping centre- bought by Blackpool council for 47 million
“The Golden Mile” walk 1.6 miles- 1, 100 jobs

41
Q

Which two geographers believe that in order to successfully change place meanings it must be done by insiders ( COMMUNITY GROUPS)?

A

Yi-Fu Tuan

Edward Relph

42
Q

How much of Walmarts products are made in China?

A

It is estimated that 70-80% of Walmarts products are produced in China

43
Q

Outline the role of World Cities in the Global Economy ?

A

Those which have the GREATEST influence on a global scale
London and New York= Alpha ++ world cites= DISPROPORTIONATE

Only 100 cities accounting for 30% of the global economy

They are “hubs” through which wealth, trade, people and culture flow

Also important in SUMMITS/POLITICS= G8

44
Q

Which London borough underwent the most Gentrification between 2010-2016 (economic inequalities)?

A

SHOREDITCH
Overlaps the boroughs of Hackney and Tower Hamlets
In a report by CLASS, it was discovered that Tower Hamlets has undergone more gentrification than any other London borough between 2010-2016
Hackney was ranked 3rd

45
Q

How would you structure a 20 marker relating to strategies tacking economic inequality?

A

Temporal change may be considered as strategies evolve
over time. For example, in the UK from property-led schemes of the
1980s through to the more community focused projects of the 21st
century.
The ‘London Living Wage’ strategy has lifted 10,000 families out of poverty.
However, 21% of earners in London still don’t earn the Living Wage and this has increased by 50% since 2005.
NEWHAM vs KINSINGTON AND CHELSEA
The extent to which some strategies have amplified issues and
widened the gap between rich and poor. Shoreditch gentrification of surrounding streets, pushing out less-wealthy residents, hence widening the gap.

46
Q

In LIC’s looking to manage waste, how much budget will go towards this?

A

20-50% of their annual budget spent on solid waste management (MSW)

47
Q

What year was the proposed Dharavi Redevelopment Project?

A

2005- 944mm of rain- monsoon climate and carbon emissions increase UHI
The Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project was approved by the state government of Maharashtra on October 16, 2018. The new proposal plans to renovate the entire slum as a whole while previous failed attempts planned to divide the slum into 12 parts. The new plan must take into account the previous failures in order to succeed in the redevelopment of such a populated area.

48
Q

Avonmouth Incinerator?

A

Avonmouth, Bristol.

It is designed to process 750 kilograms per hour with an annual capacity limit of 6,570 tonnes.

49
Q

Who created the time-space compression theory?

A

HARVEY

50
Q

How much FDI globally?

A

Central European Bank- 2021 FDI became 15% of the world GDP

In 2019 total, global FDI reached a maximum of 1.5 trillion

Y13 A Level Geography- Moss (12 decks)

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