Global Commons/ Antarctica Flashcards
Define Global Governance?
International cooperation aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect multiple people, places and governments.
What two processes are associated with TNC’s?
Offshoring=moving to developing LIC’s that can be exploited
Outsourcing= giving a contract to another company to complete part of the work eg: Apple= “designed in California”
Assembled by Foxconn in China
Define Glocalisation?
Adaption of local products to suit local contexts
Evaluate Global Governance?
+Aims to promote stability and growth
- countries sign up to institutions and laws voluntary
- can be hard to make capitalist TNC’s comply
- can cause inequality eg: to get a loan from IMF or World Bank it requires cuts in funding (usually healthcare) and free trade blocks
What is the UN?
A global institution- founded in 1945 When countries join they need to sign the UN charter -maintain global peace -develop relations between nations -use cooperation to settle disputes
+UN peace keeping deals
-inequalities-no African country has a permeant seat at the UN security council
What are the global commons?
Areas of the Earth owned by no one country or organisation- shared rights/ resources
ANTARTICA
DEEP OCEANS
ATMOSPHERE
OUTERSPACE
What does the “tragedy of the commons mean”
As the commons are shared by everyone, no one person is responsible for problems
= EXPOITED
Industrialisation, Technology increases and increased resource demand all make the Antarctic easy to exploit
Antarctica background Information?
The most Southern continent
Surrounded by the Southern Ocean
98% of land area= ice
Antarctic convergence= surface waters of southern ocean sink below sub-Antarctic water= important climatic boundary in terms of air-sea fluxes.
Factors affecting Antarctic climate?
Latitude- further from equator= colder
Altitude- higher= colder- 2300 m above sea level
Wind- transatlantic mountains canyon winds
Albedo- white surfaces have a high albedo= reflect more sunlight
Distance from sea- further inland= colder in winter
What did Johan Rockstrom state about GG:
Director of Stockholm Environment Institute
“no nation or region can appropriate a larger share of the global commons without transparently reporting all results”
What are the four main threats to Antarctica as a Global Commons?
Climate Change - Antarctic peninsula= fastest warming area- 3oc in last 50 years.
Fishing and Whaling- KRILL- omega 3 food supplement= underpin the food web of the Southern Ocean- IUU fishing has increased
Mineral Resources- coal and iron ore in Transatlantic Mountains
Tourism and Research- increases shipping and air travel
Most cruises follow the “LINDBLAD” plan but the summer tourist season coincides with peak wildlife breeding season.
STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?
Evaluate CCAMLR?
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Created MPA’s (Marine Protection Areas)
Manages VMA (Vulnerable Marine Areas)
IUU fishing hard to contain, MPA don’t stop but just move the lack of care along the sea
STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?
Evaluate Protocol on Environmental Protocol?
(Madrid Protocol/System)
1991- added to Antarctic Treaty
Bans mineral extraction
EIA takes place randomly (Environmental Impact Assessment)
No system to ensure laws/ rules are undertaken
If disputes= encourages International Court of Justice involvement
STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?
Evaluate International Whaling Commission
(IWC)
Voluntary Organisation in 1946 dedicated to preserving whale stocks
1940’s established and made SOUTHERN OCEAN WALE SANCTUARY
No authority
Japan still hunt for “scientific” reasons in southern ocean= tensions arise.
STRATAGIES TO COMBAT Antarctica destruction?
Evaluate Antarctic Treaty System?
1959 12 NATIONS 1. Free access to research 2.Banned military activity and nuclear bombs 3.Ban dumbing of nuclear waste
Bases and equipment can be assessed at any time but checks aren’t constantly reinforced.
