Mosquitos

Question 1

What is involved in Anopheles surveillance?

Answer 1

>Red box trap
> CDC Light trap
> Gravid trap
>Resting indoors-aspirator
>Larval dipping

Question 2

What things can you do for Anopheles control?

Answer 2

> Habitat modification
Indoor residual sprays-on the walls, etc
Larviciding

Question 3

Describe biological/genetic control measures.

Answer 3

> Most environmentally sound and expensive to implement/maintain
Bacillus thuringiensis dunks
Gambusia, mosquito fish or minnows will eat mosquito larvae
Sterile male release

Question 4

Describe cultural control measures.

Answer 4

> Eliminate/reduce breeding sites
Drain water
Reduce vegetation/tall grasses where adult mosquitos might rest

Question 5

Describe chemical control measures

Answer 5

Larvicides, adulticides, quickest results but don’t fix the problem

Question 6

What is PH Officer role in Malaria?

Answer 6

1. Program oversight
2. Risk communication
3. Education (providers and base population)
4. Leveraging leadership

Question 7

Describe Prevention

Answer 7

>Immunity
>Human innate resistance
>Vector control
>Repellants
>Bed nets/barriers

Question 8

Examples of anti-malarial drugs

Answer 8

-most are same as chemoprophylaxis
>Chloroquine is most widely used
>Primaquine **Can’t be used with G6PD deficiency

Question 9

Describe vector habitat preferences.

Answer 9

> Overall preference for clean water
Varied performance for habitat
–more perm marshes, ditches, stream edges, ponds
–Small temporary are puddles, hoofprints, storage pots and treeholes

Question 10

What are Malaria outcomes?

Answer 10

> Recovery–symptoms cease, usually due to clearance of parasite from body
Carriers–infection may be asymptomatic; host acts as reservoir
Recrudescence– re-activation of an infection; occurs when treatment was incomplete or the parasite was drug resistant

Question 11

What are the ways you can diagnose Malaria?

Answer 11

> Gold std diagnostic test is microscopic eval via blood smear; high tech req but high sensitivity
Rapid diagnostic tests-results in 30 mins, useful in remote locations, low sensitivity
Molecular detection-nucleic acid amplification (NAATs); best method to detect low levels of parasite
Serological tests: detects antibodies against malaria; only can assess past infection

Question 12

What is the distribution of Anopheles?

Answer 12

Everywhere in the world except for the coldest parts

Question 13

Describe transmission of malaria.

Answer 13

1. mosquito-borne: female transmits parasite host to host
2. airport-transported by aircraft from endemic to non-endemic
3. Congenital: from mother to fetus before birth or infant during birth
4. organ donation

Question 14

Describe vectors for malaria.

Answer 14

> Only anopheles mosquitos
500 est species globally
–70 species transmit
—-41 species relevant to PH

Question 15

Epidemiology

Answer 15

> 2017: 219 million cases of malaria worldwide with 435,000 deaths
The African region is home to the greatest malaria burden: 92% of cases and 93% of deaths
Children < 5 years of age accounted for 61% (266,000) of all malaria deaths worldwide

Question 16

Clinical features

Answer 16

> Standard symptoms - re-occurring episodes of fever and flu-like illness
Severe symptoms - cases include anemia, jaundice, seizures, mental confusion, cerebral malaria/coma, respiratory distress, kidney and liver failure, cardiovascular collapse, shock and death
Severity – depends on parasite species, age, genetic makeup, immune status, general health status of the patient and chemoprophylaxis