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mortality Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 things Population growth is caused by

A
  • Increased fertility rates (women have more babies in their lifetime)
  • Lower Death Rates (improved food supply, medical care, etc.)
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2
Q

what is mortality

A

the number and/or rate of deaths in a given time or place
- Alive vs. Dead. (a binary)

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3
Q

what is the Change to mortality rates the basis for

A

the theory of the Epidemiological Transition

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4
Q

what is morbidity

A

state of being diseased or unhealthy - the incidence of ill health in a population
- How healthy. (a scale, maybe 1-10?)

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5
Q

what is lifespan

A

The highest age to which a human can live
- Not enough theory for how long we COULD live so we go with how long we HAVE lived

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6
Q

what is longetivity

A

Lifespan is a maximum, Longevity = the realistic average or Life expectancy derived as an average from many lives -‘The statistically average
length of life
- Varies from place to place and time to time
- Influenced by Nature (genetic) and Nurture (social) factors

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7
Q

whats the idealised influence of Age Specific Mortality Rates on Longevity

A

“Bathtub” Curve - applies only to Probability of Dying
- infant mortality, normal life, end of life old age

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8
Q

whats the reality influence of Age Specific Mortality Rates on Longevity

A
  • infant morality
  • goes up in 20s - more risk-taking
  • continues going up after that as you get older
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9
Q

what is the Survivorship Curves

A

The Inverse of the Death Curve
- The older you get, the more likely you are to die - leads to a “rectangularization” of the curve

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10
Q

4 factors that control death rate

A
  • genetic factors
  • Social and Economic Infrastructure Factors - how much control we exercise over nature e.g. water purification, vaccinations, rodent control
  • lifestyle factors - how much control we exercise over ourselves e.g. smoking, alcohol, diet
  • Other ‘Psychological Factors’ e.g. Copycat murder-suicides, Good initials W.I.N., milestones like birthdays
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11
Q

global average life expectancy

A

71yrs

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12
Q

what is the Crude Death Rate (or “Mortality Rate”)

A

the number of deaths divided by the population
- generally not good to use e.g. younger pops will show lower CDR

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13
Q

what is Infant Mortality

A

number of deaths to infants divided by the number of live births
- used as a determining the “development” level of a country - would be easily preventable with a little money and/or education
- has a BIG impact on life expectancy calculations

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14
Q

what is Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR)

A

a measure of the mortality at each age and sex for a given population (very similar to an ASFR)

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15
Q

what is life expectancy

A
  • Total Years lived. 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 + age
  • the expectation of life at birth derived from a life table and generally denoted as 𝑒𝑒𝑥𝑥 - gives each age its own expectancy
  • It is the average age at death for a hypothetical group of people born in a particular year and being subjected to the risks of death experienced by people of all ages that year
  • surviving certain stages in life e.g. infant mortality increases life expectancy later (survival causes survival)
  • can be used on any depreciating asset that starts with a fixed amount e.g. available land
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16
Q

3 main causes of death

A
  1. Contagious Diseases (infectious & parasitic)
  2. Degenerative Diseases & Aging
  3. Killed by products of the social & Economic Environment
17
Q

explain Contagious Diseases (infectious & parasitic) as a cause of death

A

e.g Malaria, HIV/AIDS, small pox, malaria
- viral and bacterial diseases
- Vaccinations now protect most of the population in the developed world

18
Q

explain Degenerative Diseases & Aging as a cause of death

A
  • now the major cause of death in developed countries
  • major chronic disease e.g. cancer, stroke, heart disease
  • These are characterized by uncertain etiology (cause), multiple risk factors, long latency, prolonged course of illness, non- contagious origin, functional impairment, and incurability
19
Q

explain Killed by products of the social & Economic Environment as a cause of death

A
  • Accidents e.g. vehicle / suicide (vary by country, men more succesful) / homicide (men > women)
  • Russia is #1 with 209 deaths due to violent mortality
20
Q

5 big time death events

A
  • The Black Plague
  • Influenza and World War 1
  • The Global AIDS epidemic
  • The 2005 Indonesian Tsunami
  • Cultural Revolution in China
21
Q

whats the Epidemiological Transition

A
  • theory that explains the shift in mortality patterns and the causes of death as societies develop economically and socially
  • 100 years ago death rates were high, and early death was common due to contagious diseases like plague
22
Q

4 stages of mortality through ages

A
  1. pre-modern mortality
  2. roman era to industrial revolution
  3. industrial revolution to WWII
  4. WWII to present
23
Q

mortality in the pre-modern age

A
  • Agriculture probably raised both birth & death rates
  • Life expectancy = 20-30 years - ½ died before age 5
24
Q

mortality in roman era to industrial revolution

A
  • Life expectancy in Roman era = 25 years - by middle ages it had risen to over 30 years
  • ‘Columbian Exchange’ of Disease (drove Life Expectancy down in Latin America)
25
Q

mortality in industrial revolution to WWII

A
  • End of Plague = beginning of Industrial Revolution
  • Life expectancy goes up
  • Increased Life expectancy due to diet & hygiene
26
Q

mortality in WWII to present

A
  • Developed countries created mortality decline
  • Undeveloped countries adopted mortality decline
27
Q

What is the ‘path’ to lower mortality in modern societies

A
  • Improved Infant Mortality
  • Improved Nutrition & Water Supply
  • Improved Education and Social Infrastructure
  • Higher Status for Women
28
Q

what does Status up societies refer to

A

“Poor” countries with Higher than expected Life Expectancy (Sri Lanka, Costa Rica, Kerala)

29
Q

what does Status down societies refer to

A

“Rich” countries with Lower than expected life expectancy (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman)

30
Q

4 insights to mortality

A
  • The older you get, the more likely you are to die - “rectangularization” of the survival curve
  • Life expectancy exceeds “expert” forecasts
  • Life expectancy has been increasing - 71-102yrs
  • Continued progress of higher life expectancy e.g. eo for women forecast in select countries
31
Q

5 differentials in mortality

A
  • Occupation
  • Income and education
  • Race and ethnicity
  • Material status
  • sex
32
Q

explain how occupation is a differential in mortality

A

e.g. fishers, timber cutting, pilots
- dangerous jobs lead to death
- The Higher your salary the Lower your death rate

33
Q

explain how Income and education is a differential in mortality

A
  • Higher Income = Lower Death Rate
  • Theoretically, a better education allows one to avoid dangerous “high risk” situations
34
Q

explain how Race and ethnicity is a differential in mortality

A
  • In most of the world’s countries, ethnic minorities have higher death rates than majorities
  • Some is due to discrimination, which causes lower socio-economic status
35
Q

explain how Material status is a differential in mortality

A
  • Married people live longer than non-married people:
    -Explanation 1( Selective): Sickly looking people less likely to marry
    -Explanation II (Protective): Marriage is good for you
  • married men have lower suicide rates than non-married men
  • Married women have higher income than unmarried women (socioeconomically, this is confounding)
36
Q

explain how Sex is a differential in mortality

A

Women live longer than men - Women are probably biologically superior
- Gap smaller or non-existent in countries with
low status of women

37
Q

what is maternal mortality

A

pregnancy and childbirth was the number one
cause of death for young women in North America
- generally corresponds with levels of economic development

38
Q

what is The Demographic Dividend

A

Rapid and sustainable economic growth as consequence of a demographic transition from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality - creates a larger working-age population (ages 20-60)

39
Q

The Demographic Dividend and Africa

A

Africa’s labor force is expanding
- Africa continues to have one of the highest
population growth rates globally - Indicating a
rapid transition towards lower mortality - represents a HUGE economic growth potential for the continent

population & society (9 decks)

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