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migration Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do most demographers not use migration

A
  1. A fuzzy category: repeatable, reversible
  2. Fertility and Mortality are scalar (only vary in scale or magnitude) - Migration is a vector (varies by magnitude as well as direction)
  3. a ‘migrant’ can be defined in a number of ways
  4. Mortality and Fertility have hard data (birth/death certificates) - Where does migration data come from
  5. Theory and prediction are much more difficult than in fertility and mortality
  6. Migration has no biological components
  7. Humans are neither sedentary, nor inherently mobile, nor migratory
  8. Migration is explicitly left out of the Demographic Transition Theory
  9. The only component of change that is explicitly geographic
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2
Q

difference in option between countries about migration

A

Often considered the least important component of population change in some
countries - Other countries, though, migration is as, or more important, than fertility and mortality

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3
Q

importance of migration

A
  • greatly affects the size, composition, growth, and
    distribution of a population
  • affects Future growth and characteristics
  • plays important role in its future population for sub-national areas (Cities and Counties)
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4
Q

what does migration need to consider

A

impact of geography (boundaries, size, etc.) AND the time interval over which migration is measured

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5
Q

what is the number of migrants

A

the # of individuals who have made one or more migration during a specified interval across the specified geographies
**# of migrations almost always greater than the # of migrants

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6
Q

what is the number of migrations

A

the total # of recorded movements during a specified interval across the specified geographies
**# of migrations almost always greater than the # of migrants

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7
Q

what is Mobility

A

typically refers to short-distance, short-term relocations

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8
Q

what is Migration

A

typically refers to permanent relocation crossing a political boundary (ie, state boundaries)

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9
Q

what happens to migration as space increases and time decreases

A

of migrants and migrations decreases

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10
Q

what do we need to measure to determine migration

A

residency - where do you live
- this can be tricky e.g. Children of divorced parents? Dual-career spouses with one living and working in one city and joining only on weekends?

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11
Q

why is residency imprtant to consider to determine migration

A

because mobility and migration are defined by changes in a person’s place of usual residence

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12
Q

main thing that is unique to Migration compared to Mortality/Fertility

A

Geography + time - If we define migration by crossing administrative boundaries during a specified interval of time, the choice of boundary and time unit will define the migration
e.g. A 2015 resident of Dallas, moves to Houston in 2016, Boston in 2018, and is scheduled to move back to Dallas in 2019. he is a migrant but if the if the reference period is 5-years they wouldn’t

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13
Q

what is an out-migrant

A

In reference to your place of origin (where you left)
- Emigration or emigrant another word for it

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14
Q

what is an in-migrant

A

In reference to your destination (where you’ve moved to)
- Immigration or immigrant another word for it

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15
Q

what is a migrant flow

A

The process that people move from one place to another

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16
Q

what is a migrant stock

A

The number of people who have moved

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17
Q

whats the Crude or Gross Out Migration Rate

A

the number of people who moved out of an area divided by its total population

18
Q

whats the Crude or Gross In Migration Rate

A

the number of people who moved into an area divided by its total population

19
Q

who would be at-risk of moving into an area?

A

The population outside of a given area! (P - p)

20
Q

who would be at-risk of moving out of an area?

A

The population in a given area! (p)

21
Q

whats net migration

A

the net number of migrants in a population divided by the population of an area - gives us the Net Migration Rate
- (I-O)/p

22
Q

One of the oldest ways to measure migration

A

One of the oldest ways to measure migration - They’re said to offer measures of “lifetime” mobility. Ie, % of population living in state of birth

23
Q

what 2 factors influence migration

A

push and pull factors

24
Q

what are push and pull factors

A

Push factors: drive people to leave hom
Pull factors: factors attract migrants to a new location

25
Q

example of push factors

A
  • Lack of Jobs/Poverty: Economics provides the main reason behind migration.
  • Civil Strife/War
  • Political and Religious Persecution
  • Environmental Problems
26
Q

example of pull factors

A
  • Higher stands of living/Higher wages: wages in the US are around 13 x higher than Mexico
  • Labor Demand: many developed countries rely on migrant labor for agriculture, construction, etc.
  • Political/Religious Freedom: Israel was founded as a refuge for Jews who faced persecution in their countries of origin
27
Q

4 types of migration

A
  • voluntary
  • forced
  • circular
  • sojourners
28
Q

whats voluntary migration

A
  • The migrant makes the decision to move
  • Most migration is voluntary
  • Push and Pull factors determine whom and where
29
Q

whats forced migration

A
  • The migrant has no role in the decision-making process
    e.g.:
  • slavery
  • Refugees
  • Military Conscription
  • Children of Migrants
30
Q

whats circular migration

A
  • Temporary or seasonal migration, usually associated with agricultural work
     Very common in the US South and in Western Europe
     Some policymakers think circular migration could be a potential solution to current migration challenges
31
Q

whats sojourners

A
  • Workers intend to stay only until they save enough money to return to their homeland with wealth
    ◦ Common in the US with Italians between 1890-1910.
32
Q

3 factors that determines who migrates

A
  • age: young adults are far more likely to migrate than people at any other age
  • life cycle: It’s expected young adults leave their parents homes, establish a household, get a job, marry, and have kids. Eventually, they will retire
  • gender: In the US, women are just as likely to migrate as men But, men are more likely to migrate in regions where women are disadvantaged e.g. Africa and Asia
33
Q

where do people migrate

A

History has shown us that people have tended to migrate from rural to urban areas

34
Q

7 migration theories

A
  1. neoclassical economics theory
  2. new household economics theory
  3. dual labour economics theory
  4. world systems theory
  5. network theory
  6. institutional theory
  7. cumulative causation theory
35
Q

things to remember about the migration theories

A
  • Non are true – all contain truth
  • Each theory is supported in some way by the available evidence
  • No theory is specifically refuted
  • Migration is complicated
36
Q

what is the neoclassical theory

A
  • Assumes migration driven by higher wages and employment opportunities (money)
  • Migration is a process of labor adjustment caused by geographic differences in the supply of and demand for labor
  • Assumes that the individual is the appropriate unit of analysis
  • Underlies the Push and Pull factors of migration
37
Q

what is the new household economics theory

A
  • Assumes migration decisions are made in the context of what is best for a family or household
  • Migrate to not only maximize income but also minimize risk
  • Remittances play a major role in New Household Economics e.g. someone migrates and sends money back home
38
Q

what is the Dual Labor Market Theory

A
  • Developed regions of the world have 2 job markets: the primary sector that employs well-educated, high earning people + the secondary sector that employs low-educated, low-wage people
  • assumes immigration is primarily driven by structural demands for workers in the secondary sector in developed countries
  • Someone’s gotta wash the dishes, drive the taxis, clean the hotel rooms…
39
Q

what is the world systems Theory

A
  • Since the 16th century, there has been “core” nations and “periphery” nations
  • assumes migration is a consequence of global economic inequalities
  • The core countries have entered the peripheral in search of raw materials, labor, and new markets
  • Migration is a natural outgrowth of disruptions, dislocations due to capitalist development
  • Migration flows not random - Peripheral sends migrants to core nations which they’ve had the greatest contact
40
Q

what is the network theory

A
  • Migrants are connected to their countries of origin through kinship, friendship, language, and shared community origin
  • These ties increase the likelihood of further migration
    e.g. Little Italys, Chinatowns, etc
41
Q

what is the institutional theory

A
  • Once started, migration may be perpetuated by institutions that develop to precisely facilitate (and profit from) the continued flow of immigrants
    e.g. Humanitarian organizations, “coyotes”, green cards, etc
42
Q

what is the cumulative causation theory

A
  • suggests each act of migration changes the social, economic, and cultural contexts in both the origin and destination countries - makes future migration more likely
    e.g. Remittances increase the income levels at sender regions - Positive or negative impact on migration?
  • Assimilation of migrants
  • Certain occupational sectors may be seen as “immigrant” jobs reinforcing the demand for immigrant labor e.g. uber drivers, nail techs

population & society (9 decks)

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