MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Flashcards
1
Q
2 books written by Katherine Esau
A
Anatomy of Seed plants, 1954
Plant Anatomy, 1960
2
Q
How does Curly Top Virus spread?
A
Through plants via food conducting phloem tissue.
3
Q
Characteristics in Higher Plants.
A
- Diverse Morphology
- Presence of fruits flowers leaves root stem.
- Adapt to various habitats.
4
Q
Roots? (Phototrophic and Geotrophic)
A
-vely, +vely
5
Q
Characteristics of Roots. (3)
A
- Descending portion of the embryonical axis.
- Absence of true buds, nodes and internodes.
- Radical buds present in adventurous roots eg. Sweet Potato
6
Q
Functions of Roots.
A
- Reserve for food.
- Absorb H²O minerals
- Growth Hormones synthesis
- Anchorage to parts ( prevent soil erosion)
7
Q
Dicotylednous Root are:
A
Direct elongation of primary root. Pr later forms lateral roots aka secondary/tertiary roots.
8
Q
Primary and secondary together form
A
Tap Root system
9
Q
Example of Dicotylednous Root
A
Mustard
10
Q
Monocotylednous Root
A
Primary dies and multiple roots arise at its place.
11
Q
Monocotylednous roots show what kind of system?
A
Fibrous Root system
12
Q
Examples of Monocot roots
A
Wheat
13
Q
Adventitious Roots
A
Roots arising from parts other than the radicle.
14
Q
Examples of Adventitious Roots
A
Grass Monstera Banyan
15
Q
What is a Root Cap?
A
- Covering of the apex of root
- Protects tender apex as root makes its way through soil.
- Living, parenchymatous tissue
16
Q
Region of Meristamatic Acitivity
A
- Thin walled
- V. Small meristmatic cells
- Abundant plasmodermata
- No vacoule
- Dense Protoplasm
17
Q
Region of Elongation?
A
- Proximal to R1.
- Cells rapidly elongate and enlarge.
- Roots hairs grow bcuz of it since major root portion lies in this regions.
18
Q
Region of Maturation.
A
- Cells of ROE differentiate and Mature.
- Proximal to R2.
- Epidermal cells give rise to very thin and delicate tgread like root hairs.
19
Q
Stems. (4)
A
- Arise from Plumule of germinating seeds
- Bears branches leafs flowers fruits.
- Has nodes and internodes
- Turns from green and young to brown and woody
20
Q
Functions of Stem (3)
A
- Spread out branches bearing leaves flowers fruits
- Conduct H²0 minerals photosynthates.
- Store food, Protect, Vegetatively Propogate, Support.
21
Q
Leaf. (3)
A
- Lateral, flattened body.
- Originates from SAM
- Arranged in Acropetal order.
22
Q
Leaf Base.
A
Sheathing Leaf Base => expands and covers the leaf partially pr wholly.
Eg. Monocot (sugarcane)
Pelvinous Leaf Base => becomes swollen
Eg. Leguminous
23
Q
Petiole
A
Long thin flexible let’s leaf flutter in air to bring colder air on surface and cool the leaf
24
Q
Lamina
A
Consist of Veins and Vienlets. Main ID midrib which provides support and channelizes water mineral food.
25
Venation
Arrangement of Veins and Veinlets
Reticulated => form network (dicot)
Parallel => run parallel (monocot)
26
Types of Leaves.
Simple => leaf intact, incision does not reach midrib.
Bud as axis of petiole and axil of leaflet.
Compound => incised upto midrib.
Bud at axis of petiole.
Pinnately = leaflets hv common axis called Rachis.
Eg. Neem
Palmately = Leaflets arranged around common point at petiole tip.
Eg. Cotton, silk
27
Phyllotaxy.
Arrangement of leaves on stem/branch.
1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Whorled
28
Alternate Phyllotaxy
1 node 1 leaf alternate.
Mustard
Sunflower
China Rose
29
Opposite Phyllotaxy
1 node 2 leaf each opposite.
Calotropis
Guava
Tulsi
30
Whorled Phyllotaxy
1 node more than 2 leaf
Alstonia
31
Inflorescence
Arrangement of flowers on floral axis.
Racemose
Cymose
32
Racemose Infloresence
Main axis continues to grow
Leafs in acropetal Order
33
Cymose Infloresence
Main axis terminates into flower
Leafs arranged in basipetal order
34
Flowers are modified ____
Shoots, SAM modifies into FM
35
Floral parts (4 kinds of Whorls)
Flowers have 4 kind of whorls arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk/pedicel called thalamus/receptacle.
36
Actinomorphic examples.
Mustard
Chili
China Rose
Datura
37
Zygomorphic
Peas
Cassia
Bean
Gulmohar
38
Asymmetrical flowers example
Canna
39
Types of floral appendages
Trimerous = multiples of 3
Tetramerous = multiples of 4
Pentamerous = multiples of 5
40
Bracts.
Bracts-reduced leaf => Bracteate
Without bracteate => Ebracteate
41
Position of Whorls
1. Hypogynous => ovary superior
2. Perigynous => all equal
3. Epigynous => ovary inferior
42
Hypogynous examples
Mango
China
Mustard
Brinjal
43
Perigynous
Plum Peach Rose
44
Epigynous
Cucumber
Guava
Sunflowers
Ray florets
45
Calyx
Outermost whorl
Green leaf like "sepal"
46
Function of sepals
Protects flowers in bud stage.
47
Gamosepalous polysepalous
United sepals, free sepals
48
Corolla
Consist of petals
49
Petals bright colored?
Attract insects for pollination
50
Gamopetalous Polypetalous
United petals free petals
51
Aestivation
Mode of arrangement of calyx and corolla in the floral bud wrt to other members of the whorl.
1.Valvate
2.Twisted
3.Imbricate
4.Vexillary
52
Valvate aestivation
Sepals petals touch, no overlapping
Calotropis
53
Twisted Aestivation
1 margin overlaps other margin in one direction.
1.China Rose
2.Lady finger
3.Cotton
54
Imbricate Aestivation
Margins overlapping in no particular direction.
Peas Bean
55
Vexillary Aestivation
Standard => Wing => Keel
1.Gulmohar
2.Cassia
56
Vexillary Aestivation
Standard => Wing => Keel
1.Gulmohar
2.Cassia
57
Androecium
Composed of stamen (stalk/filament and anther)
58
Androecium with petals
Epipetalous (brinjal)
59
Androecium with perianth
Epiphyllous (flowers of lily)
60
Androecium remains free
Polyandrous
61
Androecium united at various degrees
Monoadelphous (China Rose)
Diadelphous (Pea)
Polyadelphous (Citrus)
62
Variation in length of filament
In Salvia and Mustard
63
Gynoecium
Consist of Carpel (stigma, stalk,ovary)
64
Stigma of carpel
Receptive surface for pollen grains
65
Stalk of carpel.
Elongated Tube
66
Ovary of carpel.
Enlarged basal part
Has 2 or more ovules attached to cushion like placenta
67
Ovules give rise to
Seeds
68
Ovary give rise to
Fruits
69
Placentation
Arrangement of Ovules within ovary.
1.Marginal
2. Axile
3. Parietal
4. Free central
5. Basal
70
Marginal Placentation
Placenta forms ridges slong the ventral suture of ovary. Ovules born of ridge in 2 rows
Peas
71
Axile Placentation
Placenta is axial and ovules attached to in a multilocular way.
Chatni=> China Rose Tomato Lemon
72
Parietal Placentation
Ovules are attached to the peripheral part of ovary. Ovary is 1 chambered but becomes 2 chambered due to false septum.
Ma ar => Mustard Argemone
73
Free Central Placentation
Ovules on central axis. Septa absent
P D F => Primrose Dianthus
74
Basal Placentation
Single Ovule attached to placenta present at base of ovary.
Ma Sun => Marigold Sunflower
75
Fruits are mature ____ that develop ____ fertilization
Ovary , post
76
Fruit formed without fertilization
Parthenocarpy
77
Embryo formed without fertilization
Parthenogenesis
78
Fruits consist of ___ and ____
Wall (pericarp) and seeds
79
Fruit wall (pericarp) can be ___ or ___
Dry or fleshy
80
3 parts of thick and fleshy pericarp
Outer epicarp
Middle mesocarp
Inner endocarp
81
Drupal fruits are __ seeded and develop from ______. Example?
1 seeded, momocarpellary superior ovary, mango and coconut
82
Pericap for mango
Epicarp => thin
Mesocatp => fleshy and edible
Endocarditis => stony hard
83
The seed has ___ and ____
Seed coat and embryo => radicle 1 or 2 cotyledons and embryonical axis
84
Monocotyledons are generally endospermic/ non endospermic
Generally endo. Except orchids
85
Monocotyledons are generally endospermic/ non endospermic
Generally endo. Except orchids
86
Mono:
Seed coat _____ and fused with ____
Membranous, cell wall
87
Mono:
Endosperm stores ___ and is therefore?
Food, bulky.
88
How does Endosperm separate embryo?
Endosperms outer covering separates the embryo by a proteinacous layer called Aleurone layer
89
Embryo characteristics.
Small and situated at one end of endosperm.
1. 1 large shield shape cotyledon called scutellum
2. Short axis with plumule radicle
3. Sheath enclosing:
a) Plumule: Coleoptile
b) Radicle: Coleorrhiza
90
Description: A
Androecium
91
Description: G
Gynoecium
92
Description: G underlined
Superior G
93
Description: G bar
Inferior G
94
Description: %
Zygomorphic
95
Description: +
Actinomorphic
96
Description: Br
Bracteate
97
Description: K
Calyx
98
Description: C
Corolla
99
Description: P
Perianth
100
Pore above hilum ____
Micropyle
101
Hilum?
Scar through which developing seed was attached to fruit.
102
Dicot:
Seed Coat has ___ layers namely?
2, Outer testa, Inner tegmin
103
Dicot:
Parts of embryo?
Embryonic axis => r and p
2 cotyledons ( fleshy, full of food materials.
104
Examples of non-endospermous seeds
Peas Gram Bean
105
Endosperm is castor formed by ___
×2 fertilization
106
Solanaceae aka? Widely distributed in ?
Potato family
Tropics, sub-tropics and even temperate zones
107
Solanaceae:
Stem?
Herbaceous rarely woody
Aerial
Erect
Cylindrical
Branched
Solid or hollow
Hairy or glambrous
Underground in potato (sol. Tuberosum)
108
Solanaceae:
Leaves?
Alternate
Simple (Rarely pinnately)
Exstipulate
Reticulate venation
109
Solanaceae:
Inflorescence?
Solitary, axillary/cymose
110
Solanaceae:
Flower
Bisexual, actino
111
Solanaceae:
Calyx
5 sepals, United, persistent, valvate
112
Solanaceae:
Corolla
5 petals, United, valvate
113
Solanaceae:
Androecium
5 stamen, epipetalous
114
Solanaceae:
Gynoecium
Bicarpellary obligately placed
Syncarpous
Superior ovary
Binocular
Swollen placenta with pl. Ovules
Axile
115
Solanaceae:
Fruits
Berry or capsule
116
Solanaceae:
Seeds
Many, endospermous
117
Solanaceae:
Economical importance
Medicine: belladonna and ashwagandha
Source of food: potato tomato Brinjal
Spice: chili
Fumigatory: tobacco
Ornamentals: petunia
