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BIOLOGY > MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS > Flashcards

MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 books written by Katherine Esau

A

Anatomy of Seed plants, 1954
Plant Anatomy, 1960

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2
Q

How does Curly Top Virus spread?

A

Through plants via food conducting phloem tissue.

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3
Q

Characteristics in Higher Plants.

A
  1. Diverse Morphology
  2. Presence of fruits flowers leaves root stem.
  3. Adapt to various habitats.
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4
Q

Roots? (Phototrophic and Geotrophic)

A

-vely, +vely

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5
Q

Characteristics of Roots. (3)

A
  1. Descending portion of the embryonical axis.
  2. Absence of true buds, nodes and internodes.
  3. Radical buds present in adventurous roots eg. Sweet Potato
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6
Q

Functions of Roots.

A
  1. Reserve for food.
  2. Absorb H²O minerals
  3. Growth Hormones synthesis
  4. Anchorage to parts ( prevent soil erosion)
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7
Q

Dicotylednous Root are:

A

Direct elongation of primary root. Pr later forms lateral roots aka secondary/tertiary roots.

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8
Q

Primary and secondary together form

A

Tap Root system

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9
Q

Example of Dicotylednous Root

A

Mustard

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10
Q

Monocotylednous Root

A

Primary dies and multiple roots arise at its place.

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11
Q

Monocotylednous roots show what kind of system?

A

Fibrous Root system

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12
Q

Examples of Monocot roots

A

Wheat

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13
Q

Adventitious Roots

A

Roots arising from parts other than the radicle.

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14
Q

Examples of Adventitious Roots

A

Grass Monstera Banyan

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15
Q

What is a Root Cap?

A
  1. Covering of the apex of root
  2. Protects tender apex as root makes its way through soil.
  3. Living, parenchymatous tissue
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16
Q

Region of Meristamatic Acitivity

A
  1. Thin walled
  2. V. Small meristmatic cells
  3. Abundant plasmodermata
  4. No vacoule
  5. Dense Protoplasm
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17
Q

Region of Elongation?

A
  1. Proximal to R1.
  2. Cells rapidly elongate and enlarge.
  3. Roots hairs grow bcuz of it since major root portion lies in this regions.
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18
Q

Region of Maturation.

A
  1. Cells of ROE differentiate and Mature.
  2. Proximal to R2.
  3. Epidermal cells give rise to very thin and delicate tgread like root hairs.
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19
Q

Stems. (4)

A
  1. Arise from Plumule of germinating seeds
  2. Bears branches leafs flowers fruits.
  3. Has nodes and internodes
  4. Turns from green and young to brown and woody
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20
Q

Functions of Stem (3)

A
  1. Spread out branches bearing leaves flowers fruits
  2. Conduct H²0 minerals photosynthates.
  3. Store food, Protect, Vegetatively Propogate, Support.
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21
Q

Leaf. (3)

A
  1. Lateral, flattened body.
  2. Originates from SAM
  3. Arranged in Acropetal order.
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22
Q

Leaf Base.

A

Sheathing Leaf Base => expands and covers the leaf partially pr wholly.
Eg. Monocot (sugarcane)
Pelvinous Leaf Base => becomes swollen
Eg. Leguminous

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23
Q

Petiole

A

Long thin flexible let’s leaf flutter in air to bring colder air on surface and cool the leaf

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24
Q

Lamina

A

Consist of Veins and Vienlets. Main ID midrib which provides support and channelizes water mineral food.

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25
Q

Venation

A

Arrangement of Veins and Veinlets
Reticulated => form network (dicot)
Parallel => run parallel (monocot)

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26
Q

Types of Leaves.

A

Simple => leaf intact, incision does not reach midrib.
Bud as axis of petiole and axil of leaflet.

Compound => incised upto midrib.
Bud at axis of petiole.

Pinnately = leaflets hv common axis called Rachis.
Eg. Neem

Palmately = Leaflets arranged around common point at petiole tip.
Eg. Cotton, silk

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27
Q

Phyllotaxy.

A

Arrangement of leaves on stem/branch.
1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Whorled

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28
Q

Alternate Phyllotaxy

A

1 node 1 leaf alternate.
Mustard
Sunflower
China Rose

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29
Q

Opposite Phyllotaxy

A

1 node 2 leaf each opposite.
Calotropis
Guava
Tulsi

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30
Q

Whorled Phyllotaxy

A

1 node more than 2 leaf
Alstonia

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31
Q

Inflorescence

A

Arrangement of flowers on floral axis.
Racemose
Cymose

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32
Q

Racemose Infloresence

A

Main axis continues to grow
Leafs in acropetal Order

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33
Q

Cymose Infloresence

A

Main axis terminates into flower
Leafs arranged in basipetal order

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34
Q

Flowers are modified ____

A

Shoots, SAM modifies into FM

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35
Q

Floral parts (4 kinds of Whorls)

A

Flowers have 4 kind of whorls arranged successively on the swollen end of the stalk/pedicel called thalamus/receptacle.

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36
Q

Actinomorphic examples.

A

Mustard
Chili
China Rose
Datura

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37
Q

Zygomorphic

A

Peas
Cassia
Bean
Gulmohar

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38
Q

Asymmetrical flowers example

A

Canna

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39
Q

Types of floral appendages

A

Trimerous = multiples of 3
Tetramerous = multiples of 4
Pentamerous = multiples of 5

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40
Q

Bracts.

A

Bracts-reduced leaf => Bracteate
Without bracteate => Ebracteate

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41
Q

Position of Whorls

A
  1. Hypogynous => ovary superior
  2. Perigynous => all equal
  3. Epigynous => ovary inferior
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42
Q

Hypogynous examples

A

Mango
China
Mustard
Brinjal

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43
Q

Perigynous

A

Plum Peach Rose

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44
Q

Epigynous

A

Cucumber
Guava
Sunflowers
Ray florets

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45
Q

Calyx

A

Outermost whorl
Green leaf like “sepal”

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46
Q

Function of sepals

A

Protects flowers in bud stage.

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47
Q

Gamosepalous polysepalous

A

United sepals, free sepals

48
Q

Corolla

A

Consist of petals

49
Q

Petals bright colored?

A

Attract insects for pollination

50
Q

Gamopetalous Polypetalous

A

United petals free petals

51
Q

Aestivation

A

Mode of arrangement of calyx and corolla in the floral bud wrt to other members of the whorl.
1.Valvate
2.Twisted
3.Imbricate
4.Vexillary

52
Q

Valvate aestivation

A

Sepals petals touch, no overlapping
Calotropis

53
Q

Twisted Aestivation

A

1 margin overlaps other margin in one direction.
1.China Rose
2.Lady finger
3.Cotton

54
Q

Imbricate Aestivation

A

Margins overlapping in no particular direction.
Peas Bean

55
Q

Vexillary Aestivation

A

Standard => Wing => Keel
1.Gulmohar
2.Cassia

56
Q

Vexillary Aestivation

A

Standard => Wing => Keel
1.Gulmohar
2.Cassia

57
Q

Androecium

A

Composed of stamen (stalk/filament and anther)

58
Q

Androecium with petals

A

Epipetalous (brinjal)

59
Q

Androecium with perianth

A

Epiphyllous (flowers of lily)

60
Q

Androecium remains free

A

Polyandrous

61
Q

Androecium united at various degrees

A

Monoadelphous (China Rose)
Diadelphous (Pea)
Polyadelphous (Citrus)

62
Q

Variation in length of filament

A

In Salvia and Mustard

63
Q

Gynoecium

A

Consist of Carpel (stigma, stalk,ovary)

64
Q

Stigma of carpel

A

Receptive surface for pollen grains

65
Q

Stalk of carpel.

A

Elongated Tube

66
Q

Ovary of carpel.

A

Enlarged basal part
Has 2 or more ovules attached to cushion like placenta

67
Q

Ovules give rise to

A

Seeds

68
Q

Ovary give rise to

A

Fruits

69
Q

Placentation

A

Arrangement of Ovules within ovary.
1.Marginal
2. Axile
3. Parietal
4. Free central
5. Basal

70
Q

Marginal Placentation

A

Placenta forms ridges slong the ventral suture of ovary. Ovules born of ridge in 2 rows
Peas

71
Q

Axile Placentation

A

Placenta is axial and ovules attached to in a multilocular way.
Chatni=> China Rose Tomato Lemon

72
Q

Parietal Placentation

A

Ovules are attached to the peripheral part of ovary. Ovary is 1 chambered but becomes 2 chambered due to false septum.
Ma ar => Mustard Argemone

73
Q

Free Central Placentation

A

Ovules on central axis. Septa absent
P D F => Primrose Dianthus

74
Q

Basal Placentation

A

Single Ovule attached to placenta present at base of ovary.
Ma Sun => Marigold Sunflower

75
Q

Fruits are mature ____ that develop ____ fertilization

A

Ovary , post

76
Q

Fruit formed without fertilization

A

Parthenocarpy

77
Q

Embryo formed without fertilization

A

Parthenogenesis

78
Q

Fruits consist of ___ and ____

A

Wall (pericarp) and seeds

79
Q

Fruit wall (pericarp) can be ___ or ___

A

Dry or fleshy

80
Q

3 parts of thick and fleshy pericarp

A

Outer epicarp
Middle mesocarp
Inner endocarp

81
Q

Drupal fruits are __ seeded and develop from ______. Example?

A

1 seeded, momocarpellary superior ovary, mango and coconut

82
Q

Pericap for mango

A

Epicarp => thin
Mesocatp => fleshy and edible
Endocarditis => stony hard

83
Q

The seed has ___ and ____

A

Seed coat and embryo => radicle 1 or 2 cotyledons and embryonical axis

84
Q

Monocotyledons are generally endospermic/ non endospermic

A

Generally endo. Except orchids

85
Q

Monocotyledons are generally endospermic/ non endospermic

A

Generally endo. Except orchids

86
Q

Mono:
Seed coat _____ and fused with ____

A

Membranous, cell wall

87
Q

Mono:
Endosperm stores ___ and is therefore?

A

Food, bulky.

88
Q

How does Endosperm separate embryo?

A

Endosperms outer covering separates the embryo by a proteinacous layer called Aleurone layer

89
Q

Embryo characteristics.

A

Small and situated at one end of endosperm.
1. 1 large shield shape cotyledon called scutellum
2. Short axis with plumule radicle
3. Sheath enclosing:
a) Plumule: Coleoptile
b) Radicle: Coleorrhiza

90
Q

Description: A

A

Androecium

91
Q

Description: G

A

Gynoecium

92
Q

Description: G underlined

A

Superior G

93
Q

Description: G bar

A

Inferior G

94
Q

Description: %

A

Zygomorphic

95
Q

Description: +

A

Actinomorphic

96
Q

Description: Br

A

Bracteate

97
Q

Description: K

A

Calyx

98
Q

Description: C

A

Corolla

99
Q

Description: P

A

Perianth

100
Q

Pore above hilum ____

A

Micropyle

101
Q

Hilum?

A

Scar through which developing seed was attached to fruit.

102
Q

Dicot:
Seed Coat has ___ layers namely?

A

2, Outer testa, Inner tegmin

103
Q

Dicot:
Parts of embryo?

A

Embryonic axis => r and p
2 cotyledons ( fleshy, full of food materials.

104
Q

Examples of non-endospermous seeds

A

Peas Gram Bean

105
Q

Endosperm is castor formed by ___

A

×2 fertilization

106
Q

Solanaceae aka? Widely distributed in ?

A

Potato family
Tropics, sub-tropics and even temperate zones

107
Q

Solanaceae:
Stem?

A

Herbaceous rarely woody
Aerial
Erect
Cylindrical
Branched
Solid or hollow
Hairy or glambrous
Underground in potato (sol. Tuberosum)

108
Q

Solanaceae:
Leaves?

A

Alternate
Simple (Rarely pinnately)
Exstipulate
Reticulate venation

109
Q

Solanaceae:
Inflorescence?

A

Solitary, axillary/cymose

110
Q

Solanaceae:
Flower

A

Bisexual, actino

111
Q

Solanaceae:
Calyx

A

5 sepals, United, persistent, valvate

112
Q

Solanaceae:
Corolla

A

5 petals, United, valvate

113
Q

Solanaceae:
Androecium

A

5 stamen, epipetalous

114
Q

Solanaceae:
Gynoecium

A

Bicarpellary obligately placed
Syncarpous
Superior ovary
Binocular
Swollen placenta with pl. Ovules
Axile

115
Q

Solanaceae:
Fruits

A

Berry or capsule

116
Q

Solanaceae:
Seeds

A

Many, endospermous

117
Q

Solanaceae:
Economical importance

A

Medicine: belladonna and ashwagandha

Source of food: potato tomato Brinjal

Spice: chili

Fumigatory: tobacco

Ornamentals: petunia

BIOLOGY (4 decks)

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