Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ETC > Morphogenesis, iPSCs > Flashcards

Morphogenesis, iPSCs Flashcards

1
Q

1st main fate division in early embryonic development

A

ICM- embryo

trophoblast- extraembryonic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

germ cells

A

source of sperm and eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

characteristics of germline stem cells

A

division is asymmetric

self- renewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oocyte division

A

1st division: 1 polar body, 1 egg cell
2nd division: 3 polar bodies, 1 haploid egg cell

arrested in meiosis I until ovulation

asymmetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sperm division

A

symmetric

diploid–> 2 divisions–> 4 haploid sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When the follicle ruptures what happens

A

ovulation = release of egg into the fallopian tube and eventually turns into corpus lutem (secretes hormones to keep egg alive + pregnancy viable til placenta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

corona radiata

A

outer layer of oocyte that protects it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When does the sperm fertilize oocyte and where

A

1-4 days, in the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steps of fertilization

A

1) sperm breaks through corona radiata (if they have the correct proteins)
2) when that happens then the cortical granules enzymes break and the zona pellucida HARDENS to prevent multiple sperm from penetrating
3) second mitotic division happens once sperm hits
4) female and male pronuclei join

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

After fertilization zygote becomes (a- 16 cells) then b

A

a- morula

b- blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does the cell become pluripotent in embryogenesis?

A

at blastocyst

before totipotent (zygote–> morula)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two main components of blastocyst and what they become

A

1) inner cell mass (ICM): embryo

2) trophoblast: extraembryonic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when does implantation occur

A

day 6

blastocyst implants in uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

blastocyst implants somewhere it shouldn’t (NOT uterine wall), often fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

identical twinning

A

1) 2 blastocysts–> 2 trophoblasts–> 2 embryos, 2 amnion

2) 2 ICM–> 1 trophoblast–> 2 embryos, 1 amnion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inner cell mass (ICM) adopts 2 fates which are (a+b) and that together those make (c)

A

a) epiblast and b) hypoblast

and together make c) bilaminar embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

epiblast gives rise to

A

3 germ layers

amnion membrane

18
Q

hypoblast gives rise to

A

yolk sac endoderm

19
Q

Trophoblast differentiates to

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

20
Q

cytotrophoblast

A

outer sac, portions of placenta

21
Q

syncytiotrophoblast

A

blood supply, seek out vasculature

22
Q

gastrulation

A

process of generating the 3 germ layers (from epiblast)

23
Q

How the germ layers form

A

epithelial cell fate changes (epithelial to mesenchymal transition EMT), primitive streak forms on surface

endoderm comes from epiblast via EMT –> migrates to bottom and displaces hypoblast

mesoderm comes from epiblast via EMT in the middle past the primitive streak

then the top becomes ectoderm

24
Q

ectoderm gives rise to

A

neural tube( brain, spinal cord), skin

25
Q

mesoderm gives rise to

A

internal connective tissue, tissue, muscle

26
Q

endoderm gives rise to

A

lines yolk sac–> gut

27
Q

totipotency

A

gives rise to ALL cells and placenta

28
Q

pluripotency

A

gives rise to all 3 germ layers

29
Q

multipotency

A

differentiate into multiple cells or tissues

30
Q

unipotency

A

differentiate into single cell type (ie. germline stem cells)

31
Q

Embryonic stem cell properties

A

infinite self renewal, pluripotent (can make all 3 germ layers), taking ICM out of blastocyst and putting in dish

ethical issues, technical issues

32
Q

Positives of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)

A

not using embryos–> eliminate ethical concerns

retains patient genetics (DNA)

easy and cost-effective

33
Q

How can you make iPSCs

A

4 yamanaka transcription factors

34
Q

3 ways 4 yamanaka TFs are put into cells

A

adenovirus transduction
retrovirus transduction
plasmid transfection

35
Q

Where are iPSCs most commonly derived from? and what two are commonly for kids

A

most common from fibroblasts (skin cells via punch biopsy)

kids: blood and urine

36
Q

why could isogenic lines be better than patient lines

A

genetically identical with the exception of disease gene((s), genome editing, so no genetic diversity confounding data

good for rare diseases

37
Q

benefit of patient lines

A

could study multigenetic disorders

38
Q

biomedical questions that could be addressed with iPSCs

A

modeling disease
drug safety
stem cell therapies

39
Q

teratomas

A

germ cell tumors that can form differentiated cell types –> have bones, limbs, hair, etc in abnormal locations

40
Q

organoids

A

clumps of stem cells grown in 3-D

ETC (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions