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ETC > Essential Cell Bio Day One > Flashcards

Essential Cell Bio Day One Flashcards

1
Q

4 major features of eukaryotic cells

A

1) membrane compartmentalize functions to increase efficiency (organelles)
2) cytoskeleton elements maintain organization
3) cell surface recognizes + interprets environment
4) cell organizes into higher order communities

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2
Q

3 parts of cytoskeleton

A

1) microfilaments
2) intermediate filaments
3) microtubules

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3
Q

Microfilaments

A

(actin)
serve as rails for motor proteins, support cell structure and movement; smallest; 2 ropes twisted around each other.

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4
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

(keratins)
provide tensile strength and structure for cells; ropelike; has multiple isoforms

scaffold

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5
Q

Microtubules

A

(tubulin)
hollow polymers that establish cell shape and serve as tracks that facilitate vesicles and organelles movement within the cell.

–> chromosomes

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6
Q

Cytoplasmic compartment

A

ribosomes, RNA, proteins, metabolites, and signaling cascades all exist/occur in the cytoplasm

very little space between structures, complex

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7
Q

RBC size

A

8 microns

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8
Q

how nucleus + ER came to be

A

invagination of plasma membrane around DNA attached to plasma membrane

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9
Q

how mitochondria came to be

A

engulfment of prokaryotic cell

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10
Q

how we know the history of mitochondria from prokaryotes

A

mitochondria has DNA

mitochondria has own ribosomes (both resemble prokaryote)

double membrane

drugs affecting bacteria, also affect mitochondria (ie. HIV, TB)

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11
Q

x is the most demanding tissue of the mitochondria

A

x= the brain

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12
Q

4 components of bilayer membrane

A

1) phospholipids
2) cholesterol
3) glycoproteins
4) glycolipids

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13
Q

phospholipid components

A

1) polar head (phosphate, glycerol, = charged)
2) hydrophobic tail (fatty acid chains)

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14
Q

glycolipids

A

Membrane lipid molecule with a short carbohydrate chain attached to the head group.
Marker for cellular recognition

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15
Q

glycoproteins

A

Proteins that have >1 sugar on it, usually on the extracellular side of the cell

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16
Q

if you change (a) then it can change the function of the phospholipid

A

a) polar head

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17
Q

What 3 things change membrane fluidity ?

A

1) how long the fatty acid tail is
2) saturation vs. unsaturation (double bonds) in FA tail
3) cholesterol

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18
Q

saturated vs. unsaturated and effect of fluidity

A

saturated= straight, no double bonds, NOT fluid, ie. lard

unsaturated= kinks, double bonds, FLUID, ie. olive oil

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19
Q

if cholesterol is in between unsaturated FA, then fluidity (a)

A

a) decreases

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20
Q

if cholesterol is in between saturated FA, then fluidity (a)

A

a) increases

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21
Q

The mobility (diffusion) of membrane depends on….

A

1) size of molecule
2) interactions with other molecules
3) temperature
4) lipid composition (tails, cholesterol)

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22
Q

the longer the FA tail, the (a) fluid

A

LESS

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23
Q

Phospholipid asymmetry

A

phospholipid facing inside vs. outside are DIFFERENT

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24
Q

Phosphatidylserine

A

switches from cytosolic to extracellular during apoptosis

25
Q

4 Types of membrane proteins

A

1) transmembrane
2) membrane- associated
3) lipid-linked protein
4) protein attached

26
Q

transmembrane (aka integral protein) and relation to helices

A

crosses whole membrane (has hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts)

alpha helices creates transmembrane domain–> multiple alphas helices results in pores to transport specific ions

27
Q

Alpha helices in transmembrane protein have a (a) to span the transmembrane domain

A

a) nonpolar side

28
Q

Membrane associated proteins

A

has domain bound in membrane but does not span the full bilayer

29
Q

lipid linked protein

A

protein covalently attached to lipid that is embedded in membrane

30
Q

protein attached

A

relevant protein attached to another protein that spans the membrane

31
Q

cytoplasm is (a) environment which (b) disulfide bonds

A

a) reducing b) breaks

32
Q

3 distinquishing features of the plasma membrane surfaces

A

1) glycocalyx
2) cholesterol/ lipid rafts
3) cytoskeleton interactions

33
Q

glycocalyx

A

coating on cell membrane composed of glycoproteins, glycolipids and other sugar residues

34
Q

cholesterol / lipid rafts

A

concentrations of lipids in the plasma membrane

cell signal machinery

long FA, more saturated tails
increased cholesterol, glycolipid and glycoproteins

longer than normal transmembrane domain

35
Q

cytoskeleton interactions

A

proteins between cytoskeleton and plasma membrane involved in cell shape and stabilization

36
Q

organization of the nucleus

A

nucleolus, nuclear envelope (inner and outer), nuclear pore, chromatin

37
Q

nuclear pore

A

allows entering and exit of things from the nucleus (perforates the nuclear envelope)

very selective in permeability = unique environment

looks like a basket

38
Q

nucleolus

A

makes rRNA

39
Q

(x % ) of proteins made go to the ER and proteins targeted for the ER can become (a) or (B)

A

20%

a) translocated across ER membrane into ER lumen
b) become embedded in ER membrane

(overall ER is beginning of pathway where can be secretory or transmembrane proteins)

40
Q

Features of secreted membrane proteins

A

water soluble, cross ER membrane into ER lumen, can go to be secreted at cell surface or lumen of an organelle

have signal sequence

41
Q

Features of transmembrane proteins

A

have signal sequence (start and stop)
have hydrophobic amino acids to help (bc have to span lipid bilayer)

42
Q

HOW proteins are transported into the ER

A

setting the scene: mRNA being translated at a ribosome

1) SRP binds the signal sequence on the polypeptide being translated from mRNA, which slows translation at the ribosome
2) SRP/ ribosome complex binds to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane
3) SRP then is released by translocator protein and passes ribosome over
4) translocation channel inserts polypeptide into membrane –> can either transfer polypeptide all the way through (secreted) or can have stop sequence to keep it partially in membrane
5) signal peptidase cleaves signal sequence

43
Q

3 types of post-translational processing in the ER

A

1) protein folding
2) N-linked oligosaccharide initiation
3) GPI modification

44
Q

what happens in protein folding of post-translational processing in the ER

A

chaperones help
disulfide bonds form and stabilize the protein bc when it leaves the cell the pH is gonna change due to degradative enzymes outside the cell

45
Q

oligosaccharide initiation is (a)- linked which means it is a covalent attachment of short oligosaccharide side chains to the (b) of asparagine in target protein

A

a) N
b) NH2

46
Q

GPI modification of post translational processing in ER

A

lipid attaches to protein
anchors protein and allows it to be connected to membrane

47
Q

Regions and functions of the Golgi

A

glycosylation (adding and removing sugars)
sorting

cis (entry) –> medial –> trans (exit)

series of flattened cisternae

48
Q

What is an example of glycosylation that happens in golgi?

A

Blood type!

making A antigen (GalNActransferase) vs. B antigen (Galtransferases)

49
Q

Where does the golgi sort ER products to? (3)

A

1) diversion to lysosomes
2) Regulated secretion: signal mediated diversion to secretory vesicles
3) Constitutive secretion: plasma membranes

50
Q

What is this?

A

Mitochondria in cytoplasm

top arrows: actin filament

bottom arrows: microtubule connection

51
Q

What two things does this show?

A

1) mitochondria has double membrane
2) has cristae

52
Q

What does this show?

A

outer nuclear membrane with a ribosome studded rough ER

53
Q

What does this show?

A

lipid bilayer in RBC

54
Q

What is the main thick black part showing?

A

glycocalyx

55
Q

What is this looking at and from what perspective?

A

nuclear baskets from inside nucleus

56
Q

(actin)
serve as rails for motor proteins, support cell structure and movement; smallest; 2 ropes twisted around each other.

A

Microfilaments

57
Q

(keratins)
provide tensile strength and structure for cells; ropelike; has multiple isoforms

scaffold

A

Intermediate filaments

58
Q

(tubulin)
hollow polymers that establish cell shape and serve as tracks that facilitate vesicles and organelles movement within the cell.

–> chromosomes

A

Microtubules

ETC (11 decks)

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