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ETC > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Generally, what does connective tissue do?

A

binds, supports and holds together the tissues and organs of the body

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2
Q

Where is connective tissue derived from?

A

MESODERM

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3
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue (resist to pulling and stretching forces) ?

A

1) loose (areolar) connective tissue
2) Dense irregular connective tissue
3) dense regular connective tissue

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4
Q

What are the four types of SPECIALIZED connective tissue?

A

have unique properties and functions in addition to supporting and protecting

1) blood
2) cartilage
3) bones
4) adipose tissue

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5
Q

Cartilage and bones give (a) to soft tissues of the body

A

STRUCTURE

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6
Q

What two main categories are CT made of?

A

cells + extracellular matrix

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7
Q

What makes up the ECM of CT?

A

fibers, ground substance, associative elements

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8
Q

Three types of CT fibers

A

1) elastic fibers
2) collagen fibers
3) reticular fibers

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9
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

found wherever tissues need to stretch and return to original shape

hydrophobic AA alternated with lysin domains

crosslinked by lysyl oxidase, associates into microfibrils (THICKER = more elastin)

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10
Q

collagen fibers included 3 types we need to know

A

MOST COMMON FIBER IN ECM

Type I: most common type, 90%, CT, bone, tendon, skin… resist tension

Type III (aka reticular fibers): loose CT, organ, blood vessels

Type IV: basement membrane, support and anchor epithelial cells

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11
Q

How collagen fibers are made

A

there are 3 left handed alpha subunits
in the ER need proline, glycine and hydrolases (intermolecular H bonds) that form procollagen

Procollagen is a R handed triple helix

It then goes into the ECM, where it gets cleaved by peptidases, then they get covalently bonded to one another by lysyl oxidase

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12
Q

Reticular fibers

A

made of reticular cells, specialized type of collagen (Type III), support hematopoietic organs

argyrophilic (stained with silver)

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13
Q

What is the ground substance of the ECM ?

A

water, gelatinous

transparent and fills spaces between fibers of ECM and CT cells

lubricant + barrier

has proteoglycans

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14
Q

What makes up proteoglycans and what do they attract?

A

protein core + glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

long sugars with sulfate attract NA+ which attracts H20 ions

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15
Q

What are the types of connective tissue cells?

A

1) migratory
2) resident which includes fibroblast, reticular cells
3) adiopocytes

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16
Q

Migratory cells

A

come from hematopoetic stem cells in blood

immune system cells= inflammatory response (basophils, eosonphils)

populate LOOSE connective tissue

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17
Q

where do resident cells come from

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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18
Q

Fibroblast

A

MOST abundant type of CT cell

make collagen + elastin fibers (ie. making ECM components)

19
Q

Reticular cells

A

specialized fibroblast
in haemopoietic + lymphatic tissue

makes type III collagen–> reticular fiber

meshwork

antigen presentation, cytokine production for lymphocyte

20
Q

adiopocytes

A

fat cells
make up adipose tissue

energy storage as triglycerides to mobilize between meals

shapes body, shock absorber, thermal insulation

21
Q

What do associate elements do?

A

connect cells to the ECM

ie. fibronectin, entactin, tenascin, laminin

22
Q

Integrins

A

glycoproteins associated to fibers in ECM and to cellular receptors

23
Q

Basement membrane (aka basal lamina)

A

thin sheets of ECM outlining epithelia, muscle fibers, blood vessels, peripheral nerves

structural attachment site for overlaying epithelia and underlying connective tissue

24
Q

Loose connective tissue (function, features)

A

most abundant type of CT

little tensile strength, LOW mechanical stress (LOW friction), holds blood supply (O2 and nutrient diffusion)
inflammatory + immune function

HIGH ground substance (white)
HIGH cells
collagen + elastin fibers

25
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

mechanical support

LESS cells, LESS ground substance (LOTS of pink, not a tone of white)
mostly type I collagen fibers in heavy bundles

randomly orientated fibers to withstand stress from many directions

26
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

mechanical coordination
type I collagen

tendons, ligaments, cornea

LESS cells, LESS ground substance

fibers packed, oriented in parallel array to withstand stress from ONE direction

27
Q

Cartilage (and how it is made generally)

A

semi rigid, cushions places where bone may rub against bone

produced by chondroblast/ chondrocytes

when mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts–> secrete the cartilage matrix and become in small spaces known as lacunae–> once entrapped = condrocytes

28
Q

Perichondrium

A

dense outer layer surrounding cartilage

ONLY hyaline and elastin, NOT fibrocartilage

29
Q

What makes up cartilage?

A

generally ground substance and collagen type II

for fibroblasts includes collage type I

30
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

1) hyaline
2) fibrocartilage
3) elastic cartilage

31
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant in type II collagen

transparent, smooth WITHOUT apparent fibers

smooth texture = LOW friction and HIGH lubricant

articular surfaces

has chondrocytes and perichondrium

32
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

also have increase concentration of collage type I

chondrocytes lining up in distinct rows

NO perichondrium

compression and pulling forces like meniscus or interverbal discs

33
Q

elastic cartilage

A

histologically similar to hyaline
matrix mostly type II collagen, but ALSO HAS elastic fibers

has perichondrium,

34
Q

Bone main function and composition

A

Ca2++ homeostasis, support + protect organs

bone marrow at center

70% calcium
30% collagen type I

35
Q

Three types of bone cells responsible for bone synthesis and breakdown

A

osteoblasts: synthesize and mineralize bone, LINE THE SURFACE

osteocytes: osteoblasts that are entrapped in bony matrix
- -> sit in lacunae in the bone, nutrient and metabolite diffusion

osteoclasts: break down and digest bony matrix, on surface in howship lacunae, multinucleated

36
Q

how osteoclasts break down bone

A

on surface in howship lacunae, osteoblasts stimulate osteoclasts to move inside bone –> seal off bone surface –> secrete enzymes (HCl) –> ingest remnants by phagocytosis

37
Q

Two types of bone

A

1) compact / cortical

2) trabecular / spongy/ cancellous

38
Q

Compact (aka cortical) bone

A

outer surface of bone
~80 % mass
structural unit: osteon, haversian system

39
Q

Trabecular (aka spongy aka cancellous) bone

A

porous network in interior
supports compact bone

20% mass but GREATER surface area = increased mineral exchange and more specialized function

40
Q

ECM of bone

A

osteoblasts, type I collagen, non collagen proteins

41
Q

Two types of bone formation

A

1) endochondral ossification

2) intramembraneous ossification

42
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

FORMING IN THE CARTILAGE… long bones

1) osteoblasts deposit calcified material into carticlage and forms bone collar
2) chondrocytes die and primary ossification center forms
3) bone invades diaphysis and ossification expands
4) secondary ossification center forms
5) epiphyseal growth eventually seals in adolescence

43
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

A

from Mesenchyme directly
cranial bones and flat bones like scapula

1) mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteogenic and capillaries –> then differentiate to osteoblasts and form clusters –> ossification centers
2) osteoblasts secrete bone matrix organic component known as osteoid–> become trapped as they are mineralizing–> now osteocytes… osteoblasts differentiate on edge of osteoid
3) clusters of osteoid will unite –> form trabecular network… superficial surface forms periosteal layer containing osteoblasts
4) periosteal layer creates compact bone surrounding spongy interior

ETC (11 decks)

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