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Neuroscience Quiz 1 > Morphogenesis > Flashcards

Morphogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

At what point does the neural tube form?

A

Day 22

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2
Q

The ventricle system originally develops from what?

A

Central canal of the neural tube

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3
Q

All sensory cells in the body come from what?

A

Neural crest cells

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4
Q

Sensory ganglia develop from what?

A

Dorsolateral neural crest

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5
Q

Which closes FIRST, the cranial or caudal ends of the neural tube?

A

Cranial

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6
Q

Where do arachnoid and pia derive from?

A

Neural crest cells

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7
Q

What causes anencephaly?

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

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8
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

Failure of posterior neuropore to close

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9
Q

What is the difference between a meningocele and meningomyelocele?

A

Meningocele- meninges bulge

Meningomyelocele- meninges AND spinal cord bulge

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10
Q

What is rachischisis?

A

Failure of the posterior neuropore to close and spinal cord remains exposed

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11
Q

What does the cervical flexure separate?

A

Developing spinal cord and Brainstem

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12
Q

What does the cephalic flexure separate?

A

Developing Brainstem and brain

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13
Q

Where is the cephalic flexure located?

A

Midbrain

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14
Q

What region marks the rhombencephalic vesicle?

A

Brainstem

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15
Q

What region marks the mesencephalic vesicle?

A

Midbrain

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16
Q

What region marks the prosencephalic vesicle?

A

Rostral forebrain

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17
Q

In which vesicle does the pontine flexure form?

A

Rhombencephalic

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18
Q

What does the pontine flexure separate?

A

Mylencephalon

Metencephalon

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19
Q

What 2 structures bud off the prosencephalic vesicle?

A

Diencephalic vesicle

Telencephalic vesicles

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20
Q

Where are the optic vesicles located?

A

Either side of the diencephalon

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21
Q

Where do the retinas develop from?

A

Optic vesicles

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22
Q

Where do the lateral ventricles come from?

A

Telencephalic vesicles

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23
Q

Where does the third ventricle come from?

A

Diencephalic vesicle

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24
Q

Where does the cerebral aqueduct come from?

A

Mesencephalic vesicle

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25
Q

What does the fourth ventricle come from?

A

Metencephalic vesicle

Myelencephalic vesicle

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26
Q

What eventually forms the medulla?

A

Myencelphalon

27
Q

What eventually forms the pons?

A

Metencephalon

28
Q

What eventually becomes the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

29
Q

All of the autonomic ganglia derive from?

A

Neural crest cells

30
Q

The adrenal medulla derives from?

A

Neural crest cells

31
Q

Schwann cells derive from?

A

Neural crest cells

32
Q

Most of the bones and CT of the face and skull derive from?

A

Neural crest cells

33
Q

What is released from ectodermal cells that acts to keep ectoderm?

A

BMP

34
Q

What molecules are crucial for the formation of neuroectoderm?

A

Noggin, chordin, follistatin inhibit BMPs

35
Q

How is the neural tube formed from ectoderm?

A

Notochord secretes noggin and chordin which inhibit BMP so that surface ectoderm becomes neuroectoderm and not ectoderm

36
Q

What molecules are required for dorsal-ventral organization?

A

Shh

TGFB

37
Q

Which molecules are crucial in ventral neural tube organization?

A

Shh

38
Q

Which molecules are crucial in dorsal neural tube formation?

A

TGFB
BMPs
Dorsalin
Retinoic Acid/VitA

39
Q

How does the ventral-dorsal organization of the neural tube form?

A

Notochord secretes Shh which is highest at the floor plate and forms the ventral organization, and since it is lower further away, that forms the dorsal organization (along with TGFB, BMPs)

40
Q

Describe the molecular mechanism for how Shh promotes ventralization.

A

Shh binds to PTC and prevents it from inhibiting SMO, which can activate TFs that promote ventral neuron formation

41
Q

What is absolutely required for Shh to function?

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

Taking which 2 drugs can be teratogenic during pregnancy? Why?

A

Retinoic acid-> VitA promotes caudal differentiation

Statins-> block cholesterol, Shh doesn’t work, no ventral organization

43
Q

Dividing the spinal cord into ventral-dorsal organization forms what plates?

A

Alar- dorsal

Basal- ventral

44
Q

In the Brainstem, which function is more medially organized? Lateral?

A

Dorsal/sensory more lateral

Ventral/motor more medial

45
Q

Defects in dorsal-ventral organization of the brainstem results in which condition?

A

Holoprosencephaly

46
Q

Retinoic acid is concentrated in what general region of the developing embryo?

A

Cervical region

47
Q

What regulates the expression of Hox genes?

A

Retinoic acid

48
Q

What is the function of retinoic acid?

A

Displays a more caudal identity

49
Q

Which molecule is crucial in rostral-caudal organization?

A

Retinoic acid (through Hox gene regulation)

50
Q

Where do the neurons of the CNS come from?

A

Neural tube

51
Q

Where do the macroglia come from?

A

Neural tube

52
Q

Which part of the cell cycle corresponds to nuclear localization towards the pial surface? Neural tube surface?

A

Pial- replication (S phase)

Neural tube- division (M phase)

53
Q

Which molecule is found more apically in the dividing cells? Basally?

A

Apical- Notch1

Basal- Numb

54
Q

What happens if a cell divides horizontally and forms a daughter with only Notch1?

A

Daughter migrates away from neural tube toward the pial surface and forms the mantle layer

55
Q

What happens if a cell divides horizontally and the daughter cell only expresses Numb?

A

Daughter will synthesize Notch1 and continue mitotic cell division

56
Q

How do we get a nervous system with balanced levels of neurons and glial cells?

A

Equal levels of Notch and Delta
Notch= glia
Delta= neurons

57
Q

What regions of the neural tube form the gray and white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Mantle zone- gray matter

Marginal zone- white matter

58
Q

What are the cells that connect the neural tube/ventricular surface all the way apically to the pial surface?

A

Radial glia

59
Q

How do neurons get from the ventricular surface to the pial surface?

A

Migrate along the radial glia

60
Q

What is the order in which the layers that form the cortex are LAID DOWN along the radial glia? What is the resulting pattern?

A

Layer I (marginal zone), then Layer VI, then Layer V, Then Layer IV, etc.

1 –> 2 –> 3 –> 4 –> 5 –> 6

61
Q

What is the FIRST layer of the cortex to develop? The Second? The Last?

A

First- Layer 1 marginal zone
Second- Layer 6
Last- Layer 2

62
Q

What cells are located in Layer I that help attract developing layers of the cortex? How do they help?

A

Cajal-Retzius cells

Release reelin

63
Q

How many days post-conception does neurulation begin?

A

18

Neuroscience Quiz 1 (7 decks)

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