more questions

Question 1

what does the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus do

Answer 1

regulating metabolism and food intake

Question 2

what would stimulation of the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus cause

Answer 2

hyperphagia

Question 3

function of posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

elevation of blood pressure, pupillary dilation, and shivering or body heat conservation (thermoregulation)

Question 4

what is the function of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Answer 4

controlling stress, metabolism, growth, reproduction, immune, and other autonomic functions

Question 5

a lesion in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus can cause

Answer 5

diabetes insipidus

Question 6

what would a lesion in the ventromedial nucleus of the thalamus cause

Answer 6

hyperphagia

Question 7

pathway of the olfactory nerve

Answer 7

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 8

presentation of cervical myelopathy

Answer 8

symmetrical weakness of his legs and mild weakness of his hand
abnormal gait
extremely brisk reflexes in his legs with upgoing planters bilaterally
pain affecting neck and limbs

Question 9

investigation of cervical myelopathy

Answer 9

MRI

Question 10

burning pain down the back of both legs not as bad when walking up hill

Answer 10

lumbar stenosis

Question 11

presentation of lumbar disc herniation

Answer 11

sensory and motor abnormalities limited to a specific myotome

Question 12

rupture in bridging veins

Answer 12

subdural haemorrhage
- between the dura and arachnoid

Question 13

layers of the scalp

Answer 13

skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis
loose connective tissue
pericranium

Question 14

sensory nerve supply of the dura mater

Answer 14

CNV

Question 15

function of the arachnoid mater

Answer 15

arachnoid granulations that reabsorb CSF

Question 16

diaphragm sellae

Answer 16

tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa

Question 17

tentorium cerebelli

Answer 17

sheet of dura mater tenting over the cerebellum
attaches to the ridges of the petrous temporal bones
has a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through

Question 18

where is the 3rd ventricle

Answer 18

in the midline within the diencephalon

Question 19

where is the left lateral ventricle

Answer 19

within left cerebral hemisphere

Question 20

circulation of CSF

Answer 20

secreted by the choroid plexus
then from the right and left lateral ventricles via the right and left foraminae of monro into
the 3rd ventricle
then via the cerebral aqueduct in
the 4th ventricle then
mainly into the subarachnoid space (but some passes into central canal)
then reabsorbed from the subarachnoid space via the arachnoid granules

Question 21

extradural haemorrhage

Answer 21

between the bone and the dura
ruptured middle meningeal artery

Question 22

subdural haemorrhage

Answer 22

separates the dura from the arachnoid
torn cerebral veins
falls in the elderly

Question 23

where does a subarachnoid haemorrhage bleed

Answer 23

into the CSF of the subarachnoid space
rupture circle of willis berry aneurysm
congenital

Question 24

ipsilateral fixed dilated pupil cause

Answer 24

compression of the oculomotor nerve by uncal herniation

Question 25

what arteries are involved in a total anterior circulation infarct

Answer 25

middle and anterior cerebral arteries

Question 26

presentation of TACI

Answer 26

unilateral hemiparesis and/or hemisensory loss of the face, arm and leg
homonymous hemianopia
higher cognitive dysfunction (dysphasia)

Question 27

what is a partial anterior circulation infarct

Answer 27

involves smaller arteries of anterior circulation (upper or lower division of MCA)

Question 28

presentation of PACI

Answer 28

2 out of 3
unilateral hemiparesis and/or hemisensory loss of the face, arm and leg
homonymous hemianopia
higher cognitive dysfunction (dysphasia)

Question 29

what is a lacunar infarct

Answer 29

perforating arteries around the internal capsule, thalamus and basal ganglia

Question 30

presentation of lacunar

Answer 30

1 of the following
unilateral weakness of face and arm, arm and leg
pure sensory stroke
ataxic hemiparesis

Question 31

presentation of posterior circulation infarcts

Answer 31

1 of the following
cerebellar or brainstem syndromes
loss of consciousness
isolated homonymous hemianopia

Question 32

lesion in the striatum (caudate nucleus) of the basal ganglia

Answer 32

huntington chorea

Question 33

where is the primary auditory cortex

Answer 33

the superior temporal gyrus

Question 34

where is the oculomotor nucleus

Answer 34

the medial midbrain

Question 35

lesion where causes expressive dysphasia

Answer 35

Broca’s area
- frontal cortex

Question 36

lesion where would cause receptive dysphasia

Answer 36

wernicke’s area
superior temporal gyrus

Question 37

what is a syringomyelia

Answer 37

a collection of csf within the spinal cord

Question 38

causes of syringomyelia

Answer 38

chiari malformation
trauma
tumours idiopathic

Question 39

presentation of syringomyelia

Answer 39

loss of sensation to temperature- cape-like
spastic weakness- of lower limbs mostly
neuropathic pain
upgoing plantars
horner’s syndrome
scoliosis

Question 40

what part of the brain does alzheimers disease affect

Answer 40

cortex and hippocampus

Question 41

what part of the brain does parkinson’s disease affect

Answer 41

basal ganglia and substantia nigra