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anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

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2
Q

what are astrocytes

A

support, maintaining the blood brain barrier
maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheet in CNS
round nucleus

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4
Q

what are microglial

A

phagocytic

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5
Q

what level does the spinal cord become conus medullaris.

A

L2 vertebral level

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6
Q

levels of spinal enlargement

A

cervical enlargement is located proximally, at the C4-T1 level
T11 and L1 is the lumbar enlargement

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7
Q

venous supply in cranial cavity

A

dura mater attached to periosteum of skull bone

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8
Q

venous supply of vertebral canal

A

space exits between dura and bone
epidural space

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9
Q

divisions of trigeminal nerve

A

opthalmic- sensory
maxillary- sensory
mandibular- sensory and motor

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10
Q

sensory innervation of CNV1

A

supplies: upper eyelid, cornea and all the conjunctiva
skin of the root/bridge of nose
deep sensory: bones and soft tissue of the orbit, upper anterior nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, anterior and posterior cranial fossae

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11
Q

sensory innervation of CNV2

A

the skin of lower eyelid
the skin over the maxilla
the skin of the ala of the nose
the skin /mucosa of the upper lip
deep teritory: lower posterior nasal cavity, maxilla and maxillary sinus, floor of nasal cavity/palate, maxillary teeth

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12
Q

sensory innervation of CNV3

A

the skin over the mandible and temporomandibular joint (apart from the angle of the mandible)
deep territory: middle cranial fossa, the mandible, anterior 2/3rd of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, mandibular teeth

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13
Q

what is the great auricular nerve

A

C2,3 > sensory branch of cervical plexus
supplies the skin of the angle of the mandible and some of the external ear

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14
Q

motor innervation of trigeminal nerve

A

CNV3 supplies the muscles of mastication
also supplies tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani

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15
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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16
Q

what nerve provides pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibres for the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

facial

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17
Q

what does the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate

A

lacrimal, nasal, palatine, and pharyngeal glands

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18
Q

what nerve provides pre-synaptic parasympathetic fibres for the submandibular ganglion

A

facial

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19
Q

what does the submandibular ganglion innervate

A

sublingual and submandibular glands

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20
Q

what nerve innervates taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

lingual nerve
branch of mandibular from V3

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21
Q

anatomical course of the cranial portion of the facial nerve

A

leaves brainstem at the pontomedullary junction and enters the internal acoustic meatus in the posterior cranial fossa

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22
Q

anatomical course of the temporal portion of the facial nerve

A

after the internal acoustic meatus > nerve travels anteriorly within the temporal bone
turns and runs along the medial wall of typanic cavity

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23
Q

modalities of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

both parts are special sensory only

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24
Q

where does the vestibular component of the vestibulocochlear nerve arise

A

vestibular nuclei complex in the pons and medulla

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25
where does the cochlear component of the vestibulocochlear nerve arise
from the ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei, situated in the inferior cerebellar peduncle
26
anatomical course of the vestibulocochlear nerve
both fibres combine in the pons to form the nerve nerve exits cranium via the internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone the nerve splits again
27
sensory modalities of the glossopharyngeal nerve
oropharynx, carotid body and sinus, posterior 1/3 of the tongue, middle ear cavity and Eustachian tube
28
special sensory modalities of the glossopharyngeal nerve
taste sensation to the posterior 3rd of the tongue
29
parasympathetic modalities of the glossopharyngeal nerve
parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland
30
motor modalities of the glossopharyngeal
stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx
31
anatomical course of glossophrayngeal
leaves CNS at the upper medulla oblongata exits cranium through jugular foramen tympanic branch arisis- has mixed sensory and parasympathetic composition enters the parapharyngeal space and lays on the stylopharygeus muscle to supply somatic motor
32
somatic sensation modalities of vagus
innervates skin external acoustic meatus and the internal surfaces of the laryngopharynx and larynx
33
somatic motor modalities of vagus nerve
palate, pharynx, larynx
34
somatic motor modalities of vagus nerve
palate, pharynx, larynx
35
special sensory modalities of vagus nerve
epiglottis- taste
36
visceral sensation of vagus nerve
thorax/abdomen
37
where does the vagus nerve orginiate
lateral aspect of the medulla
38
what nerves exit via the jugular foramen
CN IX, X, XI (and internal jugular vein)
39
anatomical course of vagus nerve in the neck
travels in the carotid sheath with the jugular vein and common carotid artery right and left nerves have differing pathways at base of neck
40
what muscles are innervated by the spinal accessory nerve
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
41
modalities of the hypoglossal nerve
somatic motor- to all the muscles of the tongue, except palatoglossus (vagus nerve)
42
where are spinal nerves found
intervertebral foramina
43
definition of dermatome
area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve
44
dermatome for the nipple
T4
45
dermatome of umbillicus
T10
46
dermatome of posterior scalp, neck and shoulder
C2-4
47
what does the cervical plexus innervate
posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm
48
when do sympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS
T1-L2
49
sympathetic innervation of the heart
presynaptic axons synapse in T1 or cervical paravertebral ganglia postsynaptic axons pass in cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves to SA and AV nodes and myocardium
50
when do parasympathetic fibres leave the CNS
within 4 cranial nerves (CN III, VII, IX, and X) sacral spinal- craniosacral outflow
51
extrinsic back muscles
levator scapulae trapezius rhomboids latissimus dorsi
52
intrinsic back muscles function
maintain posture and move the spine
52
intrinsic back muscles function
maintain posture and move the spine
53
two groups of intrinsic back muscles
erector spinae (superficial) transversospinalis (deep)
54
ligamentum flacum
connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord
55
posterior longitudinal ligament
narrow, weak less support for disc prevents over-flexion of spine
56
anterior longitudinal ligament
broad, strong stronger support for disc prevents over-extension of spine
57
atlanto-axial joints
3 articulations- all synovial - 2 between the inferior articular facets of the atlas and the superior articular facets of the axis - 1 between the anterior arch of the atlas and odontoid process of the axis - Main movement is rotation
58
where is it most safe for the needle to be inserted for spinal and epidural anaethesia
region where subarachnoid space surrounds the cauda equina, NOT the spinal cord vertebrae not fused most commonly L3/4
59
biceps reflex tests what?
C5
60
supinator/brachioradialis reflex tests what
C6
60
supinator/brachioradialis reflex tests what
C6
61
knee reflex tests what
L4
62
ankle reflex tests what
S1
63
what does SCALP stand for
skin connective tissue apopneurosis loose connective tissue pericranium
64
what forms the pterion
frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
65
what innervates the dura mater
CN V
66
what is the daiphragm sellae
tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa
67
what is the tentorium cerebelli
sheet of dura mater 'tenting' over the cerebellum - attaches to the ridges of the petrous temporal bones - has a central gap to permit the brainstem to pass through
68
falx cerebri
midline structure made of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
69
supratensorial herniation
cingulate central uncal or transtenrotial- the uncus of the tempral lobe herniates inferior to the tentorium cerebelli transcalvarial
70
intratentorial herniation
upward downward or tonsillar herniation- cerebellar tonsils herniate into the foramen magnum
71
function of frontal lobe
higher intellect, personality, mood, social conduct and language motor cortex is located within frontal lobe
72
functions of parietal lobe
language and calculation on the dominant hemisphere side, and visuospatial function on the non-dominant hemisphere side
73
function of temporal lobe
memory and language includes hearing- contains the primary auditory cortex
74
functions of occipital lobe
vision
75
function of insular lobe
important role in patients experience of pain
76
clinical signs of dsfunction of the frontal lobe
- Personality dysfunction - Paraparesis - Paratonia - Grasp reflex - Frontal gait dysfunction (magnetic gait) - Cortical hand - Seizures - Incontinence - Visual field defects (anterior visual pathway including optic chiasms are beneath frontal lobe) - Expressive dysphasia (Broca’s area is in the dominant frontal lobe) - Anosmia (olfactory pathway is beneath frontal lobes)
77
clinical signs of dysfunction of parietal lobe
- Visual field defect (congruous lower homonymous quadrantanopia) - Sensory dysfunction (visual and sensory modalities in particular) - Gerstmann’s syndrome (disease of the dominant angular gyrus, part of the inferior parietal lobe): dysgraphia, left-right disorientation, finger agnosia, acalculia - Dyspraxia - Inattention (non-dominant angular gyrus) - Denial
78
clinical signs of dysfunction of temporal lobe
- Memory dysfunction especially episodic memory - Agnosia (visual and sensory modalities in particular) - Language disorders receptive dysphasia (Wernicke, dominant hemisphere) - Visual field defects (congruous upper homonymous quadrantanopia) - Auditory dysfunction (Heschel’s gyrus, as hearing is represented bilaterally, deafness is not a cerebral feature) - Limbic dysfunction - Temporal lobe epilepsy
79
what is the DCML pathway
carries sensory modalities of fine touch, conscious proprioception and vibration
80
where does DCML information travel in the brainstem
the medial lemniscus
81
what is the first order neurones in the DCML
carries sensory information regarding touch, proprioception or vibration from peripheral nerves to medulla oblongata
82
what is the second order neurones in the DCML
they begin in the cuneate nucleus or gracilis the fibres receive the information from the preceedng neurones and deliver to the third order in thalamus
83
where does the DCML fibres decussate
medulla oblongata
84
what do the third order neurones in the DCML do
transmit sensory signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brian
85
anterior spinothalamic tract
carries the sensory modalities of crude touch and pressure
86
lateral spinothalamic tract
carries the sensory modalities of pain and temperature
87
first order neurones of the anterolateral system
arise from the sensory receptors in the periphery enter the spinal cord, ascend 1-2 vertebral levels, synapse at the tip of dorsal horn (substantia gelantinose)
88
second order neurones of the anterolateral tract
carry information from substantia gelatinosa to the thalamus - decussate within the spinal cord and form the two distinct tracts
89
third order neurones of the anterolateral spinal tract
carry sensory signals from the thalamus to the ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of the brain
90
the spinocerebellar tract carry?
unconscious proprioceptive information
91
Posterior spinocerebellar tract?
Carries proprioceptive information from the lower limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum
92
Cuneocerebellar tract?
Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum
93
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Carries proprioceptive information from the lower limbs. The fibres decussate twice – and so terminate in the ipsilateral cerebellum
94
Rostral spinocerebellar tract
Carries proprioceptive information from the upper limbs to the ipsilateral cerebellum
95
pyramidal tracts
originate in the cerebral cortex carry motor fibres to spinal cord and brainstem responsible for voluntary control of musculature of body and face
96
extrapyramidal tracts
originate in the brainstem carry motor fibres to spinal cord responsible for involuntary and automatic control of musculature: such as tone, balance, posture and locomotion
97
corticospinal tract
is a pyramidal tract responsible for fine movement About 85% of fibres cross the caudal medulla at the decussation of the pyramids - Crossed fibres form the lateral CST - Uncrossed fibres form the ventral CST, which cross segmentally
98
brown-sequard's syndrome
condition characterised by a lesion in the spinal cord resulting in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body and loss of sensation on the opposite caused by lateral hemisection of spinal cord
99
3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior lobe, posterior lobe and flocculondoular lobe
100
where does the cerebellum receive its blood supply
superior cerebellar artery- branch of basilar artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery- branch of basilar artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery
101
Descending corticospinal tracts
responsible for voluntary motor control of the body.
102
Descending corticobulbar tracts
responsible for voluntary motor control of face, head and neck.
103
Ascending medial lemniscus tracts
responsible for fine touch, vibration and proprioception.
104
Ascending spinothalamic tracts
responsible for pain and temperature sensation

neuro (20 decks)

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