back, spin, spinal cord and nerves Flashcards
what is the blue
spine of scapula
what is the red
teres major
rotator cuff muscle
what is the purple
latissimus dorsi
what is the pink
erector spinae
what is the green
trapezius
extrinsic back muscles
external
- attach back to pectoral girdle
move upper limb
levator scapulae, trapezius, rhomboids, latissimus dorsi
intrinsic back muscles
maintain back posture
move spine
2 groups:
- erector spinae (superficial)
- transversospinalis (deep)
erector spinae
3 vertical muscle groups located lateral to the spine
inferiorly- common tendon attaches to the sacrum and iliac crest
superiorly- individual muscle fibres attach to either: a rib, a transverse process of a vertebra, a spinous process of vertebra
nerve supply of intrinsic back muscles
segmental nerve supply: dermatomes
posterior rami branches
muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall anterior to posterior
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
what muscles control flexion of the spine
psoas major and rectus abdominis
curvatures of the vertebral column
cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis
where are the spinal nerves found
intervertebral foramen
outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc
annulus fibrosus
inner soft pulp of the intervertebral disc
nucleus pulposus
ligaementum flavum
short
connects adjacent laminae posterior to spinal cord
anterior longitudinal ligament
broad, strong
prevents over-extension of spine
what does the posterior longitudinal ligament do
prevents over flexion of the spine
supraspinous ligament
connects tips of spinous processes
strong, fibrous
interspinous ligament
connect superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes
weak
C1 important things
atlas
does not have a bony or spinous process
has a posterior arch and anterior arch instead
what level is this
C1- atlas
important things about C2
axis
has an odontoid process
projects superiorly from body
what level is this
C2- axis
first palpable spinous process in most people
C7
what does the needle pass through in an epidural
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat and veins)
what does a needle pass through in a spinal anaesthetic
supraspinous ligament
interspinous ligament
ligamentum flavum
epidural space (fat and veins)
dura mater
arachnoid mater
then reaches the subarachnoid space
where is anaesthetic injected in caudal anaesthesia
sacral hiatus
where would you test C2
back of scalp and adams apple
where would you test C3
back of neck and jugular notch
where would you test C4
clavicle and shoulder tip
where would you test C5
badge patch
where would you test C6
thumb
where would you test C7
middle finger
where would you test C8
little finger
where would you test T1
medial forearm
where would you test T2
medial arm and sternal angle
where would you test T4
nipple
where would you test T10
umbilicus
where would you test T12
pubic symphysis
where would you test L1
groin
where would you test L2
anterior thigh
where would you test L3
anterior knee
where would you test L4
medial malleolus
where would you test L5
dorsum of foot
where would you test S1
heel
where would you test S2
posterior knee
where would you test S3
buttock
where would you test S4
perineum
spinal nerve root levels of the femoral nerve
L2, L3, and L4
nerves that supply upper anterolateral trunk wall
intercostal nerves
named nerves that supply anterolateral trunk wall
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
what does the subcostal nerve supply
anterior ramus of T12
what nerve supplies the anatomical snuff box
cutaneous branches of the radial nerve
what does the bicep reflex test
C5 (6)
what does the triceps reflex test
C7
what does the supinator/brachioradialis reflex test
C6
what does the knee reflex test
L4
what does the ankle reflex test
S1
what does spasticity mean
the muscle has an intact and function motor nerve
the descending controls from the brain are not working
= increased tone
