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AQA Chemistry GCSE > More organic chemistry TRIPLE ONLYYY DONT USE IF UR NOT TRIPLE WONT HELP U > Flashcards

More organic chemistry TRIPLE ONLYYY DONT USE IF UR NOT TRIPLE WONT HELP U Flashcards

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1
Q

properties of alkenes

A
  • have the same general formula
  • differ by CH2 in molecular formulae from neighbouring compounds
  • show a gradual variation in physical properties, such as their boiling points
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2
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

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3
Q

first 3 alkenes

A

ethene
propene
butene

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4
Q

alkenes are unsaturated, what does this mean

A

they have a double carbon bond

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5
Q

what is a functional group

A

an atom, or a group of atoms, which determine the main chemical properties of an organic compound

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6
Q

what happens when we combust alkenes

A

the products are water, carbon dioxide and unburnt carbon particles, because of incomplete combustion
- alkenes burn in air with a smoky flame

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7
Q

what is hydrogenation

A

reacting an alkene with hydrogen

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8
Q

what happens during hydrogenation

A
  • two hydrogen molecules add across the double bond
  • double carbon to carbon bond converted into single
  • an alkane is produced
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9
Q

how would we increase the yield of ethanol in a reversible reaction

A

pass back unreacted ethene and steam back through the catalyst

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10
Q

properties of hydration reactions

A
  • water must be in the form of steam
  • phosphoric acid used as a catalyst
  • temperature at 300 degrees, pressure at 70 atmospheres
  • forms alcohols
  • reversible reaction
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11
Q

properties of alkenes reactions with halogens

A
  • halogen molecules are added across the double bond
  • double carbon bond turns into single
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12
Q

uses of alcohols

A
  • fuels
  • solvents
  • alcoholic drinks
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13
Q

how to test for alkanes or alkenes

A
  • bromine water test
  • there is no change when an alkane is mixed with bromine water
  • bromine water goes colourless when mixed with an alkene
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14
Q

how can we make ethanol

A

by reacting ethene with water
- using fermentation

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15
Q

what is an advantage of hydrating ethene

A

the reaction produces a high yield of ethanol

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16
Q

disadvantages of hydrating ethene

A
  • high temperature meaning lots of energy
  • ethene from the reaction comes from crude oil which is not renewable
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17
Q

how does fermentation work

A
  1. Start with a sugar solution such as glucose
  2. Mix it with yeast
  3. The yeast converts the sugar solution to a solution of ethanol, carbin dioxide gas is also produced
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18
Q

what are the conditions needed for fermentation

A

30 degrees
- reaction must take place in anaerobic settings (without oxygen)

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19
Q

advantages of fermentation

A
  • low temperature means the reaction does not require a lot of energy
  • sugar from the reaction comes from plants and is therefore renewable
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20
Q

.disadvantage of fermentation

A

the product is an aqueous solution of ethanol, meaning we need to purify the ethanol by distillation, which requires energy

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21
Q

describe alcohols solubility in water

A

they are soluble in water and form neutral solutions

22
Q

as the number of carbon molecules in an alcohol increases…

A

the solubility decreases

23
Q

what are the products when sodium reacts with an alcohol

A

an oxide and hydrogen gas
- eg sodium ethoideplus hydrogen

24
Q

what is an oxidising agent

A

a substance that can oxidise other substances in a chemical reaction

25
Q

what are the products when alcohols react with oxidising agents

A

carboxylic acid and water

26
Q

what are the features of the combustion of alcohols

A

alcohols release energy when combusted
- combusting an alcohol in air produces carbon dioxide and water

27
Q

features of carboxylic acid in water

A
  • they are weak acids in water
  • ## reversible reaction
28
Q

what is a weak acid

A

an acid that only partially dissociates into it’s H+ ions when dissolved in water

29
Q

features of carboxylic acids reacting with metal carbonates

A
  • an “oate” is made, for example, an ethanoate (for ethanol), propanoate (for propanol)
  • carbon dioxide is produced
  • water is produced
30
Q

features of reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol

A
  • an ester is formed
  • water is formed
31
Q

why are esters useful

A

they have a nice smell, often used iun foods and perfumes

32
Q

what catalyst is used for the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

sulfuric acid

33
Q

what is a polymer

A

a chain of repeating units of monomers

34
Q

features of addition polymers

A
  • the monomers are alkene
  • the monomer has a double carbon bond, but the polymer has a single
  • the name of the polymer is “poly” followed by the name of the monomer
  • the repeating units have the same atoms as the monomer
35
Q

why, in addition polymers, do the repeating units have the same atoms as monomers

A

no other molecules are formed in the reaction

36
Q

features of condensation polymers

A
  • monomers are not alkene
  • when these monomers react, we lose small molecules such as water
37
Q

how are condensation polymers formed

A
  1. start with two different monomers
  2. each monomer has two of the same functional group
  3. To form the condensation polymer, we react out two monomers together
  4. We can now continue to add monomers to either end, allowing us to produce a long polymer
38
Q

what is a polyester

A

a type of polymer where thousands of monomers join together to form it

39
Q

key features of amino acids molecules

A
  • they have two different functional groups
  • amine group
  • carboxyllic acid group
40
Q

what do glycine molecules join together to form

A

to form polypeptide

41
Q

why is the polymer called polypeptide

A

because it’s made from only one type of amino acid

42
Q

what are proteins

A

naturally occurring polymers of amino acids

43
Q

what does DNA do

A

encodes genetic instructions that living organisms need to develop and function

44
Q

what does DNA consist of

A

two polymer chains made from monomers called nucleotides, in the form of a double helix

45
Q

examples of naturally occurring polymers

A
  • protein
  • starch
  • cellulose
46
Q

properties of hydrogenation

A
  • 150 degrees
  • nickel catalyst
47
Q

what is a homologous series

A

molecules with the same functional group

48
Q

alcohol functional group

A

OH

49
Q

example of an oxidising agent

A

acidified potassium dichotomate

50
Q

carboxyllic acid functional group

A

COOH

51
Q

when does a polymer become a protein

A

when we combine different amino acids into the same chain

52
Q

where is dna found

A

in almost all living organisms including animals plants fungi bacteria

AQA Chemistry GCSE (27 decks)

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