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Biology Revision > More exchange and transport systems > Flashcards

More exchange and transport systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does amylase catalyse the breakdown of?

A

starch

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2
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

salivary glands and the pancreas

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3
Q

How is starch broken down?

A

amylase catalyses the hydrolysis reactions that break down the glycosidic bonds to produce maltose

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4
Q

What disaccharidase breaks down sucrose and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

-sucrase
-glucose and fructose

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5
Q

What disaccharidase breaks down maltose and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

-maltase
-glucose and glucose

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6
Q

What disaccharidase breaks down lactose and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

-lactase
-glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What does lipase catalyse the breakdown of?

A

-lipids
-into monoglycerides and fatty acids

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8
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

mainly the pancreas

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9
Q

Where are bile salts produced and what do they do?

A

-liver
-emulsify lipids (turn lipids into small droplets)

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10
Q

After lipase has broken down a lipid, what do the products do?

A

-stick with bile salts
-form micelles

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11
Q

How are micelles important in the digestion of lipids?

A

help the products of lipid digestion to be absorbed

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12
Q

What are endopeptidases?

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds within a protein

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13
Q

What are exopeptidases?

A

-hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of a protein
-they remove single amino acids from proteins

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14
Q

What are dipeptidases?

A

-exopeptidases
-separate two amino acids that make up a dipeptide

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15
Q

Through what process is galactose absorbed?

A

-active transport
-via a co-transporter protein

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16
Q

Through what process is fructose absorbed?

A

-facilitated diffusion
-transporter protein

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17
Q

How are fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed?

A

micelles constantly break up and reform which ‘releases’ monoglycerides and fatty acids to be absorbed

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18
Q

What is tissue fluid made from?

A

-small molecules that leave the blood plasma
-eg. oxygen, water and nutrients

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19
Q

What is pressure filtration?

A

-it moves substances out of capillaries and into tissue fluid

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20
Q

Is the hydrostatic pressure greater near the arteries or in the tissue fluid?

A

-near the arteries

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21
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

-Quaternary structure
-Made of 4 polypeptide chains
-Each chain has a haem group containing an iron ion

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22
Q

What is it referred to when an oxygen molecule joins to haemoglobin?

A

-Association or loading

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23
Q

What is it referred to when oxygen leaves oxyhaemoglobin?

A

-Dissociation or unloading

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24
Q

What is the equation that links oxygen and haemoglobin?

A

Hb+4O2<->HbO8

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25
What is the definition of affinity in regards to oxygen?
-The tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen
26
How does haemoglobins affinity for oxygen change as pO2 increases?
-Oxygen loads onto haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
27
How does haemoglobins affinity for oxygen change at a low pO2?
-Oxyhaemoglobin unloads its oxygen
28
What is the pO2 at the alveoli?
-High
29
What happens with haemoglobin at the alveoli?
-High oxygen concentration -High pO2 -High affinity -Oxygen loads
30
What happens with haemoglobin at respiring tissues?
-Low oxygen concentration -Low pO2 -Low affinity -Oxygen unloads
31
How are organisms adapted to live in areas with low oxygen?
-Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen -Haemoglobin is very good at loading any available oxygen
32
How are organisms with high activity levels adapted to live?
-Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen -Haemoglobin needs to be easily unloaded
33
How are small mammals adapted to live?
-Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen -Haemoglobin needs to be easily unloaded
34
Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood to and from?
-From the heart -To the lungs
35
Where does the pulmonary vein carry blood to and from?
-From the lungs -To the heart
36
Where does the aorta carry blood to and from?
-From the heart -To the body
37
Where does the vena cava carry blood to and from?
-From the body -To the heart
38
Where does the renal artery carry blood to and from?
-From the body -To the kindeys
39
Where does the renal vein carry blood to and from?
-From the kidneys -To the vena cava
40
Describe the structure of an artery
-Walls are thick, muscular and have elastic tissue -Inner lining is folded, allows artery to stretch -Both to maintain high pressure
41
Describe the structure of an arteriole
-Mainly circular muscle -Direct blood to different areas of demand in the body
42
Describe the structure of a vein
-Thin muscle wall -Contain valves -Wide lumen -
43
Describe the structure of a capillary
-Endothelium which is one cell thick -Networks in tissues are called capillary beds
44
How is the left ventricle adapted for its function?
-Thicker and more muscular walls -Allows blood to be pumped around the whole body
45
How are the ventricles adapted for their function?
-Thicker walls than the atria
46
How are the atrioventricular valves adapted for their function?
-They link the atria to the ventricles and stop blood flowing back into the atria when ventricles contract
47
How are semi-lunar valves adapted to their function?
-Link the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta -Stop blood flowing back into the heart after the ventricles contract
48
How are the cords (valve tendons) adapted to their function?
-Attach the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria when ventricles contract
49
What are the 3 steps in the cardiac cycle?
1. Ventricles relax, atria contract 2. Ventricles contract, atria relax 3. Ventricles relax, atria relax
50
Explain what happens in the first step of the cardiac cycle
-Ventricles are relaxed -Atria contract, decreasing the volume of the chambers and increasing the pressure inside the chambers -Pushes blood into ventricles -Slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume
51
Explain what happens in the second step of the cardiac cycle
-Atria relax -Ventricles contract, decreasing their volume and increasing their pressure -Pressure becomes higher in the ventricles than the atria which forces the AV valves shut to prevent back flow -Pressure in ventricles is also higher than in the aorta and the pulmonary artery which forces open the SL valves -Blood is forced out into the arteries
52
Explain what happens in the third step of the cardiac cycle
-Ventricles and atria both relax -Higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery closes the SL valves to prevent back flow into the ventricles -Blood returns to the heart -Atria fill again due to higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein -Increases pressure of the atria -AV valves open, which allows blood to flow into ventricles from the atria -Atria contract
53
What is the equation for working out cardiac output?
Cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate
54
What is cardiovascular disease?
-Diseases associated with the heart and blood vessels -Including aneurysms, thrombosis and myocardial infarction
55
What is an atheroma?
-When white blood cells, lipids and connective tissues build up and harden to form a fibrous plaque
56
What is an aneurysm?
-A balloon-like swelling of the artery
57
What causes an aneurysm?
-Formation of atheromas -Atheroma plaque damages and weakens arteries -Also narrow arteries, which increases blood pressure -When blood travels through a weakened artery at high pressure, it can push the inner layers of the artery through the outer elastic layer
58
What is thrombosis?
-The formation of a blood clot
59
What causes thrombosis?
-Formation of atheromas -Atheroma plaque can rupture the endothelium of an artery -Damages the artery wall and leaves a rough surface -Platelets and fibrin accumulate at the damaged area and for a blood clot Can cause a blockage of the artery
60
What is a myocardial infarction?
-Heart attack
61
What causes a myocardial infarction?
-Coronary artery is blocked -Heart muscle is completely cut off from its blood supply, doesn't receive any oxygen
62
What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction?
-Pain in the chest and upper body -Shortness of breath -Sweating
63
What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
-Smoking -Too much salt in your diet -High blood pressure -High blood cholesterol -Poor diet
64
Why is high blood pressure a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
-Increases risk of damage to artery walls -High blood pressure->atheroma formation->blood clots->myocardial infarction
65
Why is high blood cholesterol and a poor diet a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
-Diet high in saturated fat->high blood cholesterol->atheroma formation->blood clots->myocardial infarction -Diet high in salt->high blood pressure->etc
66
How does smoking cigarettes increase your risk of cardiovascular disease?
-Smoking->carbon monoxide->less oxygen in blood->less oxygen to tissues->myocardial infarction -Smoking->fewer antioxidants->damage to coronary artery wall->atheroma formation->myocardial infarction
67
Describe the structure of the xylem
-Very long, tube-like structures -Formed from dead cells, no end wall between cells -Uninterrupted tube that allows water to pass through easily
68
Explain the cohesion-tension theory
-Water evaporates from leaves at the top of the xylem->transpiration -This creates tension, pulling more water into the leaf -Water molecules are cohesive, so when they are pulled into leaves others follow -Whole column of water in the xylem moves upwards -Water enters the stem through the roots
69
What is transpiration?
-Evaporation of water from a plants surface, through open stomata in the leaves
70
What are the 4 factors that affect transpiration rate?
-Light intensity -Temperature -Humidity -Wind
71
Why does light intensity affect the transpiration rate?
-Stomata open when it gets light to let CO2 in for photosynthesis -When its dark, stomata are usually shut so transpiration rate is low
72
Why does temperature affect the transpiration rate?
-Warmer water molecules have more energy, so evaporate from cells inside the leaves quicker -Increases water potential gradient between the inside and outside of the plant, making water diffuse out of the plant quicker
73

Biology Revision (20 decks)

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