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Biology Revision > More exchange and transport systems > Flashcards

More exchange and transport systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What does amylase catalyse the breakdown of?

A

starch

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2
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

salivary glands and the pancreas

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3
Q

How is starch broken down?

A

amylase catalyses the hydrolysis reactions that break down the glycosidic bonds to produce maltose

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4
Q

What disaccharidase breaks down sucrose and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

-sucrase
-glucose and fructose

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5
Q

What disaccharidase breaks down maltose and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

-maltase
-glucose and glucose

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6
Q

What disaccharidase breaks down lactose and what monosaccharides are produced?

A

-lactase
-glucose and galactose

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7
Q

What does lipase catalyse the breakdown of?

A

-lipids
-into monoglycerides and fatty acids

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8
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

mainly the pancreas

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9
Q

Where are bile salts produced and what do they do?

A

-liver
-emulsify lipids (turn lipids into small droplets)

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10
Q

After lipase has broken down a lipid, what do the products do?

A

-stick with bile salts
-form micelles

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11
Q

How are micelles important in the digestion of lipids?

A

help the products of lipid digestion to be absorbed

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12
Q

What are endopeptidases?

A

hydrolyse peptide bonds within a protein

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13
Q

What are exopeptidases?

A

-hydrolyse peptide bonds at the end of a protein
-they remove single amino acids from proteins

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14
Q

What are dipeptidases?

A

-exopeptidases
-separate two amino acids that make up a dipeptide

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15
Q

Through what process is galactose absorbed?

A

-active transport
-via a co-transporter protein

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16
Q

Through what process is fructose absorbed?

A

-facilitated diffusion
-transporter protein

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17
Q

How are fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed?

A

micelles constantly break up and reform which ‘releases’ monoglycerides and fatty acids to be absorbed

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18
Q

What is tissue fluid made from?

A

-small molecules that leave the blood plasma
-eg. oxygen, water and nutrients

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19
Q

What is pressure filtration?

A

-it moves substances out of capillaries and into tissue fluid

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20
Q

Is the hydrostatic pressure greater near the arteries or in the tissue fluid?

A

-near the arteries

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21
Q

Describe the structure of haemoglobin

A

-Quaternary structure
-Made of 4 polypeptide chains
-Each chain has a haem group containing an iron ion

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22
Q

What is it referred to when an oxygen molecule joins to haemoglobin?

A

-Association or loading

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23
Q

What is it referred to when oxygen leaves oxyhaemoglobin?

A

-Dissociation or unloading

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24
Q

What is the equation that links oxygen and haemoglobin?

A

Hb+4O2<->HbO8

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25
Q

What is the definition of affinity in regards to oxygen?

A

-The tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen

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26
Q

How does haemoglobins affinity for oxygen change as pO2 increases?

A

-Oxygen loads onto haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin

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27
Q

How does haemoglobins affinity for oxygen change at a low pO2?

A

-Oxyhaemoglobin unloads its oxygen

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28
Q

What is the pO2 at the alveoli?

A

-High

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29
Q

What happens with haemoglobin at the alveoli?

A

-High oxygen concentration
-High pO2
-High affinity
-Oxygen loads

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30
Q

What happens with haemoglobin at respiring tissues?

A

-Low oxygen concentration
-Low pO2
-Low affinity
-Oxygen unloads

31
Q

How are organisms adapted to live in areas with low oxygen?

A

-Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
-Haemoglobin is very good at loading any available oxygen

32
Q

How are organisms with high activity levels adapted to live?

A

-Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
-Haemoglobin needs to be easily unloaded

33
Q

How are small mammals adapted to live?

A

-Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
-Haemoglobin needs to be easily unloaded

34
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood to and from?

A

-From the heart
-To the lungs

35
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein carry blood to and from?

A

-From the lungs
-To the heart

36
Q

Where does the aorta carry blood to and from?

A

-From the heart
-To the body

37
Q

Where does the vena cava carry blood to and from?

A

-From the body
-To the heart

38
Q

Where does the renal artery carry blood to and from?

A

-From the body
-To the kindeys

39
Q

Where does the renal vein carry blood to and from?

A

-From the kidneys
-To the vena cava

40
Q

Describe the structure of an artery

A

-Walls are thick, muscular and have elastic tissue
-Inner lining is folded, allows artery to stretch
-Both to maintain high pressure

41
Q

Describe the structure of an arteriole

A

-Mainly circular muscle
-Direct blood to different areas of demand in the body

42
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A

-Thin muscle wall
-Contain valves
-Wide lumen
-

43
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary

A

-Endothelium which is one cell thick
-Networks in tissues are called capillary beds

44
Q

How is the left ventricle adapted for its function?

A

-Thicker and more muscular walls
-Allows blood to be pumped around the whole body

45
Q

How are the ventricles adapted for their function?

A

-Thicker walls than the atria

46
Q

How are the atrioventricular valves adapted for their function?

A

-They link the atria to the ventricles and stop blood flowing back into the atria when ventricles contract

47
Q

How are semi-lunar valves adapted to their function?

A

-Link the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and aorta
-Stop blood flowing back into the heart after the ventricles contract

48
Q

How are the cords (valve tendons) adapted to their function?

A

-Attach the atrioventricular valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria when ventricles contract

49
Q

What are the 3 steps in the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Ventricles relax, atria contract
  2. Ventricles contract, atria relax
  3. Ventricles relax, atria relax
50
Q

Explain what happens in the first step of the cardiac cycle

A

-Ventricles are relaxed
-Atria contract, decreasing the volume of the chambers and increasing the pressure inside the chambers
-Pushes blood into ventricles
-Slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume

51
Q

Explain what happens in the second step of the cardiac cycle

A

-Atria relax
-Ventricles contract, decreasing their volume and increasing their pressure
-Pressure becomes higher in the ventricles than the atria which forces the AV valves shut to prevent back flow
-Pressure in ventricles is also higher than in the aorta and the pulmonary artery which forces open the SL valves
-Blood is forced out into the arteries

52
Q

Explain what happens in the third step of the cardiac cycle

A

-Ventricles and atria both relax
-Higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery closes the SL valves to prevent back flow into the ventricles
-Blood returns to the heart
-Atria fill again due to higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein
-Increases pressure of the atria
-AV valves open, which allows blood to flow into ventricles from the atria
-Atria contract

53
Q

What is the equation for working out cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate

54
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

-Diseases associated with the heart and blood vessels
-Including aneurysms, thrombosis and myocardial infarction

55
Q

What is an atheroma?

A

-When white blood cells, lipids and connective tissues build up and harden to form a fibrous plaque

56
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

-A balloon-like swelling of the artery

57
Q

What causes an aneurysm?

A

-Formation of atheromas
-Atheroma plaque damages and weakens arteries
-Also narrow arteries, which increases blood pressure
-When blood travels through a weakened artery at high pressure, it can push the inner layers of the artery through the outer elastic layer

58
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

-The formation of a blood clot

59
Q

What causes thrombosis?

A

-Formation of atheromas
-Atheroma plaque can rupture the endothelium of an artery
-Damages the artery wall and leaves a rough surface
-Platelets and fibrin accumulate at the damaged area and for a blood clot
Can cause a blockage of the artery

60
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

-Heart attack

61
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction?

A

-Coronary artery is blocked
-Heart muscle is completely cut off from its blood supply, doesn’t receive any oxygen

62
Q

What are the symptoms of a myocardial infarction?

A

-Pain in the chest and upper body
-Shortness of breath
-Sweating

63
Q

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

-Smoking
-Too much salt in your diet
-High blood pressure
-High blood cholesterol
-Poor diet

64
Q

Why is high blood pressure a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A

-Increases risk of damage to artery walls
-High blood pressure->atheroma formation->blood clots->myocardial infarction

65
Q

Why is high blood cholesterol and a poor diet a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

A

-Diet high in saturated fat->high blood cholesterol->atheroma formation->blood clots->myocardial infarction
-Diet high in salt->high blood pressure->etc

66
Q

How does smoking cigarettes increase your risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

-Smoking->carbon monoxide->less oxygen in blood->less oxygen to tissues->myocardial infarction
-Smoking->fewer antioxidants->damage to coronary artery wall->atheroma formation->myocardial infarction

67
Q

Describe the structure of the xylem

A

-Very long, tube-like structures
-Formed from dead cells, no end wall between cells
-Uninterrupted tube that allows water to pass through easily

68
Q

Explain the cohesion-tension theory

A

-Water evaporates from leaves at the top of the xylem->transpiration
-This creates tension, pulling more water into the leaf
-Water molecules are cohesive, so when they are pulled into leaves others follow
-Whole column of water in the xylem moves upwards
-Water enters the stem through the roots

69
Q

What is transpiration?

A

-Evaporation of water from a plants surface, through open stomata in the leaves

70
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect transpiration rate?

A

-Light intensity
-Temperature
-Humidity
-Wind

71
Q

Why does light intensity affect the transpiration rate?

A

-Stomata open when it gets light to let CO2 in for photosynthesis
-When its dark, stomata are usually shut so transpiration rate is low

72
Q

Why does temperature affect the transpiration rate?

A

-Warmer water molecules have more energy, so evaporate from cells inside the leaves quicker
-Increases water potential gradient between the inside and outside of the plant, making water diffuse out of the plant quicker

73
Q
A

Biology Revision (20 decks)

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