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Biology Revision > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are monomers?

A

-Small, basic molecular units that can form a polymer

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

-Large, complex molecules composed of long chains of monomers joined together during a condensation reaction

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3
Q

Name three monosaccharides

A

-Glucose
-Fructose
-Galactose

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4
Q

Describe the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

-H and OH groups on right hand side are swapped
-Alpha glucose=H on top, OH below
-Beta glucose=H below, OH on top

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5
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccharides when they are joined together?

A

-Glycosidic bond

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6
Q

What two monosaccharides is sucrose made of?

A

-Glucose
-Fructose

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7
Q

What two monosaccharides is maltose made of?

A

-Glucose
-Glucose

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8
Q

What two monosaccharides is lactose made of?

A

-Glucose
-Galactose

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9
Q

How do you test for reducing sugars?

A

-Heat sample with Benedict’s solution
-Green/yellow/orange/red precipitate=positive

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10
Q

How do you test for a non-reducing sugar?

A

-Heat sample with Benedict’s solution
-Stays blue
-Add dilute hydrochloric acid
-Neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonate
-Heat sample with Benedict’s solution
-Green/yellow/orange/red ppt=positive

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11
Q

Describe the structure of starch

A

-Amylose=long, unbranched, alpha-glucose, coiled, compact
-Amylopectin=long, branched, alpha-glucose, enzymes easily reach branches, glucose quickly released
-Insoluble in water

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12
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

-Alpha-glucose
-Branched=stored glucose quickly released
-Compact

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13
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

-Long
-Unbranched
-Beta-glucose
-Chains linked together by H bonds=form microfibrils

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14
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

-Iodine solution
-Blue-black=positive

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15
Q

Describe the structure of triglycerides

A

-Glycerol
-3 fatty acid tails=hydrophobic

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16
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

-Doesn’t have any double bonds between carbon atoms

17
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

-Double bonds between carbon atoms, causes the chain to kink

18
Q

What bond forms between a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid?

A

-Ester bond

19
Q

What are the properties of a triglyceride?

A

-Hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids contain lots of chemical energy
-Insoluble in water, don’t affect water potential

20
Q

What are the properties of a phospholipid?

A

-Heads are hydrophilic
-Tails are hydrophobic
-Form a bilayer
-Water-soluble substances can’t pass through

21
Q

How do you test for lipids?

A

-Emulsion test
-Add ice cold ethanol
-Shake
-Add water
-Milky emulsion-positive

22
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

R
|
H2N-C-COOH
|
H

23
Q

What bond forms when amino acids are joined together?

A

-Peptide bond

24
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

-The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

25
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

-H bonds form between amino acids in the chain
-Alpha helix shape or beta pleated sheet

26
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

-Folded again
-Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bridges form
-3D structure

27
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

-Multiple polypeptide chains held together by bonds
-3D globular structure

28
Q

How do you test for proteins?

A

-Add sodium hydroxide solution
-Add copper(II) solution
-Purple=positive

29
Q

Describe the induced fit model

A

-Active site and substrate not entirely complementary
-Enzyme moulds around substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex

30
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A

-Complementary to shape of active site
-Binds with enzyme before substrate can
-No enzyme-substrate complex can form

31
Q

What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

A

-Binds to enzyme away from active site
-Changes shape of active site
-Substrate no longer complementary
-Can’t form an enzyme-substrate complex

Biology Revision (20 decks)

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