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Biology Revision > Exchange and transport systems > Flashcards

Exchange and transport systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the microscopic air-filled pipes used in gas exchange in insects?

A

tracheae

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2
Q

What are the pores on the surface of an insect called?

A

spiracles

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3
Q

Does oxygen travel down or against the concentration gradient in insects?

A

down

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4
Q

What are tracheoles?

A

tracheae branches off into tracheoles, they have thin and permeable walls and go to individual cells

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5
Q

What are the adaptations of most gas exchange surfaces?

A

-Large surface area
-Thin->short diffusion pathway

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6
Q

What are the adaptations in fish gills for more efficient gas exchange?

A

-Made of thin plates called gill filaments->increase the surface area
-Gill filaments are covered in lamellae->increase surface area
-Lots of blood capillaries
-Thin surface layer of cells

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7
Q

What is the counter-current system?

A

-Blood flows through lamellae in one direction and water flows over them in another direction
-Water with a relatively high oxygen concentration always flows next to the blood with a lower concentration of oxygen
-Steep concentration gradient is maintained

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8
Q

How does gas exchange occur in dicotyledonous plants?

A

-Gases move in and out through stomata in the epidermis
-Stomata can open to allow gas exchange and close when the plant loses too much water

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9
Q

What cells control the opening and closing of stomata?

A

-Guard cells

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10
Q

How are dicotyledonous plants adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

-Mesophyll cells->large surface area

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11
Q

How are xerophytes adapted to live in warm and dry conditions?

A

-Stomata are sunk in pits->trap water vapour
-Layer of ‘hairs’ on the epidermis->trap water vapour
-Curled leaves with the stomata inside->protects them from wind
-Reduced number of stomata->fewer places for water to escape
-Thick, waxy and waterproof cuticles on leaves and stems->reduces evaporation

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the gas exchange system in humans

A

-Trachea
-Splits into two bronchi (one bronchus leading to each lung)
-Each bronchus branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles
-Bronchioles end in alveoli

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13
Q

Where are the intercostal muscles found and what are the two types of intercostal muscles?

A

-Found in the rib cage
-External intercostal muscles
-Internal intercostal muscles

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14
Q

What are the two processes that occur during ventilation?

A

-Expiration and inspiration

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15
Q

What occurs during the process of inspiration?

A

-External intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles contract
-Ribcage moves upwards and outwards and the diaphragm flattens
-Volume of thoracic cavity increases
-Lung pressure decreases
-Air flows down trachea and into the lungs

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16
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

-Active->requires ATP

17
Q

What occurs during the process of expiration?

A

-External intercostal muscles and diaphragm muscles relax
-Ribcage moves downwards and inwards and the diaphragm curves upwards
-Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases
-Lung air pressure increases
-Air is forced down the pressure gradient and out of the lungs

18
Q

Is expiration passive or active?

A

-Normally passive, however if you force expiration to happen then it is active

19
Q

What are the adaptations of the alveoli?

A

-Surrounded by a network of capillaries
-Walls are one cell thick, made from alveolar epithelium
-Alveoli walls contain a protein called elastin->allows alveoli to return to normal shape after inhalation/exhalation of air

20
Q

What processes does lung disease affect?

A

-Ventilation
-Gas exchange

21
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

-Volume of air in each breath

22
Q

What is the ventilation rate?

A

-The number of breaths per minute

23
Q

What is the forced expiratory volume (FEV)?

A

-The maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in one second

24
Q

What is the forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

-The maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in

25
Q

How does tuberculosis affect lung function?

A

-Immune system cells build a wall around the bacteria in the lungs
-Forms small, hard lumps (tubercles)
-Infected tissue dies and gaseous exchange surface is damaged, so tidal volume is decreased
-Less air inhaled in one breath so patients have to breathe faster

26
Q

What are the common symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

-Persistent cough
-Coughing up blood and mucus
-Chest pains
-Shortness of breath
-Fatigue

27
Q

How does fibrosis affect lung function?

A

-Formation of scar tissue in the lungs
-Scar tissue is thicker and less elastic than normal lung tissue
-Lungs can’t expand as much
-Tidal volume is reduced and so is FVC
-Reduction in rate of gas exchange

28
Q

What are the common symptoms of fibrosis?

A

-Shortness of breath
-Dry cough
-Chest pain
-Fatigue
-Weakness

29
Q

How does asthma affect lung function?

A

-Airways become inflamed and irritated
-Smooth muscle that lines the bronchioles contracts and large amounts of mucus is produced
-Causes constriction of airways
-Air flow in and out of the lungs is reduced so the FEV is reduced

30
Q

What are the common symptoms of asthma?

A

-Wheezing
-Tight chest
-Shortness of breath

31
Q

How does emphysema affect lung function?

A

-Lung disease caused by smoking or long-term exposure to air pollution
-Causes inflammation which attracts phagocytes
-Phagocytes break down elastin
-Alveoli can’t recoil to exhale air well
-Leads to destruction of of alveoli walls, reducing surface area

32
Q

What are the common symptoms of emphysema?

A

-Shortness of breath
-Wheezing

33
Q

What tools are required for a dissection?

A

-Scalpel
-Tweezers
-Dissecting scissors
-Dissecting pin

34
Q

What are the ethical issues with dissections?

A

-Some people argue it is morally wrong to kill animals
-Animals used for dissections are not always raised in a humane

35
Q

Describe how you would carry out lung dissection?

A

-Lay lungs on a cutting board
-Inflate the lungs using a plastic bag
-Trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage
-Cut it lengthways, down the gap in the C-shaped rings, using dissecting scissors or a scalpel, cut downwards and don’t apply too much
-Cut down the bronchi, should see bronchioles branching off
-Cut off a piece of lung, tissue will feel spongy
-Wash hands after and disinfect work surfaces

36
Q

Why can’t you inflate lungs by blowing into them?

A

-You could suck up stale air from inside the lungs into your mouth

Biology Revision (20 decks)

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