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Communication With Limited Means.
for, for the purpose of para there allá to work, working trabajar to eat, eating comer to be happy estar contento to be unhappy estar descontento well bien but pero without sin to live, living (compare "vivid," "vivify") vivir to be able, being able (compare "power") poder to sleep, sleeping (compare "dorm") dormir to rest, resting (compare "repose") reposar much, a lot mucho One must (you have to, it's necessary to) Hay que (It) is fun. Es divertido(a). It is (im)possible. Es (im)posible.
Useful Spanish Sentences
Get the meaning of the following sentences.
Hay que trabajar allá.
Hay que trabajar mucho allá.
Hay que trabajar sin reposar y sin comer.
Hay que trabajar para comer.
Hay que trabajar bien para vivir bien.
Hay que trabajar bien para estar contento.
Hay que comer mucho para poder trabajar mucho.
Hay que dormir bien para trabajar bien.
Hay que trabajar para poder estar contento.
Trabajar es vivir.
Vivir es comer.
Trabajar sin poder dormir es vivir sin poder estar contento.
Es imposible trabajar sin reposar y sin comer.
Reposar sin dormir es posible.
Equivalents of Spanish Sentences
In case you have doubts, here are the same sentences in English. Orally translate these back into Spanish.
One has to work there.
You have to work a lot there.
It’s necessary to work without resting and without eating.
You have to work in order to eat.
One has to work well in order to live well.
It’s necessary to work well in order to be happy.
You have to eat a lot in order to be able to work a lot.
You have to sleep well in order to work well.
One has to work in order to be able to be happy.
To work is to live (or, working is living).
To live is to eat (or, living is eating).
To work without being able to sleep is to live without being able to be happy.
It is impossible to work without resting and without eating.
It’s possible to rest without sleeping (or, resting without sleeping is possible).
Bonus: Spelling Rules of Cognate Words
In many cognate words–words that are very similar in different languages– double letters in English correspond to single letters in Spanish:
Letters Spanish bb > b abreviación, sábado (compare "Sabbath") cc > c ocupación, acomodación, aceptar, acumulación dd > d adición ff > f efecto, aflicción gg > g agresor, agravación ll > l ilusión, colección mm > m comentario, acomodación nn > n conexión, anual pp > p opresión ss > s misión imposible, asociación, necesario tt > t atención, atractiva In many cognate words, consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant:
Letters Spanish ct > t respetable ph > f foto, elefante, geografía, profeta ks > j complejo (complex)
para
for, for the purpose of
alli
there
trabajar
to work, working
comer
to eat, eating
estar contento
to be happy
estar descontento
to be unhappy
bien
well
pero
but
vivir
to live, living (compare “vivid,” “vivify”)
poder
to be able, being able (compare “power”)
dormir
to sleep, sleeping (compare “dorm”)
reposar
to rest, resting (compare “repose”)
mucho
much, a lot
hay que
One must (you have to, it’s necessary to)
Es divertido(a).
(It) is fun.
Es (im)posible.
Es divertido(a).
Hay que trabajar allá.
One has to work there.
Hay que trabajar mucho allá.
You have to work a lot there.
Hay que trabajar sin reposar y sin comer.
It’s necessary to work without resting and without eating.
Hay que trabajar para comer.
You have to work in order to eat.
Hay que trabajar bien para vivir bien.
One has to work well in order to live well.
Hay que trabajar bien para estar contento.
it’s necessary to work well in order to be happy.
Hay que comer mucho para poder trabajar mucho.
You have to eat a lot in order to be able to work a lot.
Hay que dormir bien para trabajar bien.
You have to sleep well in order to work well.
Hay que trabajar para poder estar contento.
One has to work in order to be able to be happy.
Trabajar es vivir.
To work is to live (or, working is living).
Vivir es comer.
To live is to eat (or, living is eating).
Trabajar sin poder dormir es vivir sin poder estar contento.
To work without being able to sleep is to live without being able to be happy.
Es imposible trabajar sin reposar y sin comer.
It is impossible to work without resting and without eating.
Reposar sin dormir es posible.
It’s possible to rest without sleeping (or, resting without sleeping is possible).
Spelling Rules of Cognate Words
In many cognate words–words that are very similar in different languages– double letters in English correspond to single letters in Spanish:
bb > b abreviación, sábado (compare "Sabbath") cc > c ocupación, acomodación, aceptar, acumulación dd > d adición ff > f efecto, aflicción gg > g agresor, agravación ll > l ilusión, colección mm > m comentario, acomodación nn > n conexión, anual pp > p opresión ss > s misión imposible, asociación, necesario tt > t atención, atractiva In many cognate words, consonant clusters are reduced to a single consonant:
Letters Spanish ct > t respetable ph > f foto, elefante, geografía, profeta ks > j complejo (complex)
aereo
air, or by air
el barco
the boat
el autobus
the bus
el carro
the car
a pie
on foot
el metro
the subway
el tren
the train
el camion
the truck
la cuadra
the block
la parada de autobus
the bus stop
la autopista
the freeway
la gasolinera
the gas station
la interseccion
the intersection
el kilometro
the kilometer
la milla
the mile
el alto
the stop sign
el semaforo
the traffic light
tener prisa
to be in a hurry
manejar
to drive
subirse a
to get into a vehicle
seguir recto
to go straight
estacionar
to park
andar en bicicleta
to ride a bycycle
correr
to run
doblar
to turn
caminar
to walk
el coche
the car
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS
Pattern: Negative informal commands are formed by taking the first person present form (yo form) of the verb and then adding the opposite tú ending.
Conjugation
To form the negative tú command, start with the first person present tense conjugation of the verb. Then, change the ending to the “opposite tú ending.”
For example:
Hablar
The first person present tense conjugation is hablo.
Hablar is an “ar” verb, so we cut off the ending and add the opposite present tense “er/ir” tú ending (-es).
hablo -> habl- -> + es = hables
No hables inglés. = Don’t speak English.
Let’s try another one.
Comer
The first person present tense conjugation is como.
Comer is an “er” verb, so we cut off the ending and add the opposite present tense “ar” tú ending (-as).
como -> com- -> +as = comas
No comas el dulce. = Don’t eat the candy.
Note: This process works for irregular verbs too.
Decir
The first person presnet tense conjugation is digo.
Take off the ending and add the opposite tú “ar”ending (-as).
digo -> dig- -> digas
No digas mentiras. = Don’t tell lies.
Venir
The first person present tense conjugation is vengo.
Take off the ending and add the opposite tú “ar”ending (-as).
vengo -> veng- -> vengas
No vengas mañana. = Don’t come tomorrow.
Commands - Correct Pronoun Placement
Pattern: When giving commands, pronouns must be placed in certain positions in the sentence.
Affirmative Commands
Direct and indirect objects are attached to the command. An accent must be added to the verb to maintain the correct stress pronunciation. When direct and indirect objects are used together, the indirect always comes first.
Examples:
Come la manzana. ¡Cómela! = Eat the apple. Eat it!
¡Dámela! = Give it to me! (the apple)
Negative Commands
For negative commands, the pronouns are put before the verb. Again, the indirect object pronoun comes before the direct object pronoun.
Examples:
No me hables. = Don’t talk to me.
No se lo digas. = Don’t tell it to her. (referring to el secreto)
el beisbol
the baseball
el baloncesto
the basketball
el tenis
the tennis
el voleibol
the volleyball
el futbol
the soccer
el futbol americano
the football
la bola
the small ball
la pelota
the ball
el bate
the baseball bat
la cancha
the court
el campo
the field
el guante
the glove
el casco
the helmet
la raqueta
the racket
los patines
the roller skates
el estadio
the stadium
el equipo
the team
la pesa
the weight
levantar pesas
to lift weights
jugar
to play
correr
to run
bucear
to scuba dive
andar en patineta
to skateboard
esquiar
to ski
hacer surfing
to surf
nadar
to swim
caminar
to walk
andar
to walk (to go)
esquiar en el agua
to water ski
practicar deportes
to play sports
Present Progressive with Object Pronouns
Present Progressive with Object Pronouns
Pattern: Objects pronouns can be placed in two different positions in the sentence when using the present progressive.
Pronoun Placement
- Object pronouns can be attached to the present participle. An accent mark needs to be added to maintain the proper syllable stress within the word. When direct and indirect object pronouns are used together, the indirect object pronoun goes first.
Examples:
Estoy comiendo una manzana. Estoy comiéndola. = I am eating an apple. I am eating it.
La maestra está enseñando una lección. La maestra está enseñándonosla. = The teacher is teaching a lesson. The teacher is teaching it to us.
- The object pronouns can also be placed before the conjugated estar. Again, when direct and indirect object pronouns are used together, the indirect object pronoun goes first.
Examples:
Estoy comiendo una manzana. La estoy comiendo. = I am eating an apple. I am eating it.
La maestra está enseñando una lección. La maestra nos la está enseñando. = The teacher is teaching a lesson. The teacher is teaching it to us.
