Moral & Prosocial Development (12) Flashcards
altruistic motives
empathy and sympathy for others, at later ages consistently acting on personal moral principles
Empathy vs Sympathy
Empathy: emotional reaction to another’s emotions that is similar
Sympathy: feeling of concern for another in reaction to another’s emotion
Nancy Eisenberg’s and prosocial behaviour
Prosocial moral dilemmas used to determine prosocial behaviour (choose between helping someone and meeting their own needs)
5 stages of prosocial moral reasoning
Eisenberg Level 1
Hedonistic, self focused orientation
- preschool age
- concerned with own interests
Eisenberg level 2
Needs-based orientation
- some preschool, elementary school age
- concerned with others’ needs even when they conflict with own needs
Eisenberg level 3
Approval and/or stereotyped orientation
- elementary school
- decisions based on ideas of good vs bad
Eisenberg lever 4
a) Self-reflective empathic orientation
- older elementary and high school
- sympathetic responsiveness or role-taking
- concern for others’ humanness
b) Transitional level
- internalize values, norms, responsibilities
- concern for larger society
Eisenberg level 5
Strongly internalized stage
- everything based on values, norms, responsibilities
- belief in dignity & equality of all individuals
- desire to maintain obligations and improve society
Factors that affect prosocial behaviour
rewards decrease motivation for prosocial behaviour
punishment = prosocial behaviour to avoid punishment
physical punishment, authoritarian parenting = decreased sympathy
discipline with reasoning increases voluntary prosocial behaviour
(environment) parents values, toward whom they are prosocial
Media, Culture, Opportunities/practicing
What factors increase prosocial behaviour?
supportive and constructive parenting
discipline with reasoning and perspective taking
prosocial activities, opportunities to experience emotional rewards
School-based interventions
What might account for differences in prosocial behaviour? Bio/Psycho/Social
Bio: genetic factors - temperament
Psycho: emotion regulation
Social: parents, teachers, peers, oppertunities
What does Nancy Heisenberg say in the video
emotion regulation how that impacts peer relations, teacher reports, prosocial behaviour,
predicts social competency
cognitive skills to deal with and control emotion
Summarize Piaget and moral reasoning
through observation and interviews Piaget described changes from rigid acceptance of rule to understanding moral rules are a product of social interaction
2 stages of moral development and a transition period (3 stages) from outcome > intention to intention > outcome
Piaget moral reasoning stage 1
Morality of constraint (heteronomous morality)
< 7yrs
-moral reasoning before concrete operational
-rules unchangeable, established by adults
-outcome/consequence > motive/intention
Piaget moral reasoning stage 2
Transitional period
- ages 7-10
- increased peer interaction leads to understanding that rules can be constructed by a group
- learning to take others perspectives leads to change in thinking about moral issues
- start to value fairness and equality
Piaget moral reasoning stage 3
Autonomous morality
- by age 11 or 12
- understand rules can be changed if a group agrees
- fairness and equality among people
- punishment should fit the crime,
- can consider motives and intentions in behaviour
Criticism of Piaget’s moral reasoning
timeline, young children can sometimes recognize intention (hurting)
sometimes disregard adults views
peer interaction doesn’t lead to moral development, cooperation does
Summarize Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning
discontinuous series of stages that are hierarchacal
3 levels of reasoning, 2 stages (6)
presented children with moral dilemmas and questions them about issues in moral judgements and how they made them
not everyone attains stage 6
Summarize Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral reasoning
Preconventional - self centered, focus on rewards and avoiding punishment
Conventional - centered on social relationships, compliance with duties/laws
Postconventional - reasoning involves ideals, moral principles and universal rights
Kohlberg moral reasoning stage 1
Preconventional
- punishment & obedience orientation
- does not consider/recognize interests of others
- what is right is obedience to authorities
Kohlberg moral reasoning stage 2
Preconventional
- instrumental & exchange orientation
- what is in one’s own best interest of involves an exchange for benefits
Kohlberg moral reasoning stage 3
Conventional
- mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships & interpersonal conformity orientation
- does what is expected by people or in a given role
- being “good” is important (good motives, care for others and good relationships)
Kohlberg moral reasoning stage 4
Conventional
- social system & conscience orientation (law & order)
- focus on fulfilling duties, upholding laws, contributing to society
- motivated to keep social system and avoid breakdown
Kohlberg moral reasoning stage 5
Postconventional
- social contract or individual rights orientation
- focus on upholding rules that are in the best interest of the group or agreed upon rules
- universal rights must be upheld regardless
