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Psyc 315 > Gender Development (10&11) > Flashcards

Gender Development (10&11) Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 ways to approach gender?

A

behaviourally
conceptually (identity)
biologically

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2
Q

what are some differences in ability or behaviour between girls and boys

A

girls: verbal skills earlier, more fearful, more emotionally responsive, more compliant with adults
boys: stronger visual/spatial abilities, mathematical reasoning, more aggressive, more physically active, more developmental problems

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3
Q

what accounts for the differences in boys and girls behaviour/ability?

A

biology, cognition, motivation and culture

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4
Q

gender typed

A

stereotypical behaviour for that gender

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5
Q

cross-gender typed

A

stereotypical behaviour for the gender they are not

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6
Q

gender development 1-2yrs

A

prefer gender typed toys, even if neutral but perceived as gender typed
gender related expectations about objects and activities associated with males & females

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7
Q

gender development toddlers

A

by 2-3yrs know which gender group they belong and use gender terms
gender differentiated play type

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8
Q

gender development pre-schoolers

A

gender segregation

increased gender typed play, avoid cross-gender typed peers

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9
Q

gender development middle childhood

A

by 9-10yrs start understanding gender is a social category, notice gender discrimination/unfairness
peer groups establish norms for behaviour, boys: dominant, assertive, independent, shared activities; girls: affiliation, collaboration, shared emotion

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10
Q

gender development adolescence

A

increased cross-gender interactions

either gender-role intensification or flexibility

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11
Q

gender-role intensification

A

heightened concern with adhering to traditional gender roles, internalize into personal values

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12
Q

gender-role flexibility

A

exploring attitudes and interests that transcend traditional conventions (girls more than boys)

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13
Q

why do girls do better in school than boys?

A

girls are more adjusted to school, are slightly advanced in early language development and are less likely to develop speech-related or reading problems

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14
Q

social learning theories of gender

A

children learn about gender by observation
(external at first, then internalized)
attention (to that gender info)
memory (for that info)
production (of behaviour)
motivation (repeat behaviour)
-gender schema theories, social role theory, social cognitive theory, social identity theory, cognitive developmental theory

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15
Q

Gender schema theory

A

mental representation of gender which emerges soon after child can label their own and others’ gender.
through self socialization, gender schema filter and confirmation bias, gender schema filter: seek information about their own gender and retain it better

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16
Q

Gender self-socialization

A

child determines what info they learn about gender based on their preferences and activities they pursue
active child’s cognitions influence perception and behaviour

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17
Q

Gender schema filter

A

evaluating info as being relevant to their own gender (seek info about own gender and retain knowledge better)

18
Q

social cognitive theory of gender

A

learn about gender through:
tuition: direct teaching (during gender socialization)
enactive experience: guiding behaviour by reactions evoked
modeling: observational learning
based on bandura’s triadic model (personal, environment & behavioural factors)

19
Q

what are some examples of gender socialization at home?

A

conversational differences (fathers more instructional with sons), play differences, social roles (chore division), convey messages through gender essentialist statements

20
Q

what is social role theory?

A

different expectations for each gender stem from the division of labour in a society and cultural practices reflect and perpetuate gender divisions

21
Q

how does the media influence gender typing?

A

stereotype portrayals, more male protagonists, can lead to confirmation bias, gender labelling toys

22
Q

what is social identity theory?

A

-influence of group members on self concepts and behaviour
-affiliative motivations
in group assimilation - socialize to conform to group norms
in group bias - in group traits superior, prefer people with them

23
Q

what is cognitive development theory?

who was it pioneered by?

A 
Lawrence Kohlberg (theory of gender role development
cognitive development changes understanding (informed by Piaget)
gender identity - not fixed
gender stability (3-4yrs) quasi fixed, appearance matters
gender constancy (6yrs) same matter regardless of appearance (conservation) begin self socializing
24
Q

intersectionality

A

how multiple group identities effect experiences (in terms of discrimination)

25
Q

Androgens

A

hormones that normally occur at higher levels in males than females, affecting physical development and functioning from prenatal onward

26
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), in Females? Males?

A

-group of inherited disorders
-surplus in steroid hormones which leads to overproduction of androgen
females = ambiguous genitalia, masculine physical traits
males = enter puberty earlier

27
Q

how does CAH support sex-typed behaviour and gender identification

A

CAH girls/CAH induced
-prefer male toys and playmates
-reduced gender identity
-less satisfaction with gender
Androgens reduced = more feminine clothing, less tomboyish
In animals = increased male-type sexual behaviour, aggression

28
Q

Evolutionary approaches

A

differences emerged result from survival (reproductive advantages)
Male aggression/impulsivity for hunting & sex
May have selected a different balance of hormones
Confirmation bias assumes behaviour today served evolutionary purposes

29
Q

Example: how do biology, cognition and motivation interact in male aggression

A

Cognitive & motivation: more likely to appraise conflicts as competitions that require direct aggression
Biology: increase testosterone in response to perceived threat = aggression
Peers, media & culture as well

30
Q

Sex vs Gender

A 
Sex = physiological traits (chromosomes, hormones, genitalia) 3 categories at birth, M, F, Intersex (both types of physiological traits)
Gender = internal sense of maleness, femaleness or otherness
31
Q

Transgender

A

internal sense that one is a different gender than natal sex “genderqueer”
typically not intersexed

32
Q

Neuroscience approaches to gender

A

focus on how hormones & brain functioning relate to variation in gender development
-gender differences in behaviour reflect ratios of M & F sex hormones

33
Q

Intersex

A

Male & female physiological traits at birth
usually identified by external organs
usually surgery to align genitals with selected sex

34
Q

what did Olsen et al. (2015) predict?

A

that trans children would respond similarly to gender-matched controls on implicit and explicit measures

35
Q

who were the participants in Olsen et al. (2015) study?

A

transgender children living completely as their gender identity and cisgender controls (ages 5-12yrs)

36
Q

what were the methods in Olsen et al. (2015) study?

A

Implicit - IAT pairing gender with good/bad and me/not me
Explicit - gender peer preference, gender associated novel object preference, how they felt on the inside (gender identity)

37
Q

what did Olsen et al. (2015) want to find out?

A

How transgender children really think of their gender - do they truly identify with expressed gender

38
Q

common questions/hypothesis about trans children

A

are they confused (about gender identity), delayed (cognitively unable to understand) or pretending (make believe)?

39
Q

what did Olsen et al. (2015) conclude?

A

trans children truly identify as expressed gender on implicit and explicit measures and responses match cisgender responses.
Not confused, delayed or pretending!

40
Q

how do chromosomes and hormones affect physical development

A

chromosomes determine ovaries vs testes
sex hormones produce the genital appearance
thus hormones can override sex chromosomes

41
Q

T or F

hormones cannot override sex chromosomes

A

False

they can hormone imbalances can cause development of the “wrong” genitalia than chromosomes imply

Psyc 315 (9 decks)

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