Intelligence & Academic Achievement (6)

Question 1

g

Answer 1

general intelligence - a single trait

influences all aspects, dissimilar intellectual tasks

Question 2

crystalized intelligence

Answer 2

factual knowledge, increases with age

Question 3

fluid intelligence

Answer 3

ability to problem solve and think on the spot, peaks at 20 and decreases (PFC activity)

Question 4

primary mental abilities (thurstone)

Answer 4

7 intellectual areas

word fluency, verbal meaning, reasoning, spatial visualization, numbers, memory, perceptual speed

Question 5

Carroll’s three stratum theory of intelligence

Answer 5

interconnected process involving levels

where g influences basic abilities which influence specific processes

Question 6

Weschsler intelligence test for children (WISC)

Answer 6

6yrs+
verbal section tests crystallized intelligence
performance section tests fluid intelligence (spatial & perceptual abilities)

Question 7

IQ

Answer 7

Intelligence Quotient

based on a normal distribution of scores (mean 100)

Question 8

Intelligence stability

Answer 8

IQ tests correlate strongly when close in age
scores are not constant over time
stability increases when child believes performance is valuable, parents are interested in their success

Question 9

How does nature influence intelligence?

Answer 9

Genetics
Genotype-environment interaction
(passive, evocative, active)
Gender

Question 10

How does environment influence intelligence?

Answer 10

Family (HOME scores)
School - more school = higher IQ
Society, poverty, healthcare, diet
Cultural - subject matter, testing 
SES correlated with high and low IQ scores

Question 11

HOME scores influence how well children do academically

Answer 11

1. emotional and verbal responsivity of mother
2. avoidance of restrictions and punishment
3. organization of physical and temporal environment
4. provisions of appropriate play material
5. maternal involvement with child
6. opportunities for variety of daily stimulation

Question 12

Flynn effect

Answer 12

steady rise on average IQ’s over the past 80 years

Question 13

How do risk factors affect IQ?

Answer 13

Many, not one risk factor predicts lower IQ
changes in risk factors over time predict IQ changes
differences in age is not a protective factor

Question 14

Gardner’s theory

Answer 14

multiple intelligence theory (at least 8)
linguistic
logical-mathematical
spatial
musical
naturalistic
bodily-kinesthetic
intrapersonal
interpersonal

Question 15

Sternberg’s theory

Answer 15

theory of successful intelligence - ability to achieve success
Analytic
Practical
Creative

Question 16

Chall’s stage 0

Answer 16

0-gr 1

key prerequisites for reading, knowing the alphabet and phonemic awareness

Question 17

phonemic awareness

Answer 17

identify component sounds within spoken words

Question 18

Chall’s stage 1

Answer 18

gr 1 & 2

acquire phonological recoding skills

Question 19

phonological recoding skills

Answer 19

“sounding out” translating letters into sounds into words

Question 20

Chall’s stage 2

Answer 20

gr 2 & 3

gain fluency in simple reading material

Question 21

Chall’s stage 3

Answer 21

gr 4 - 8

acquire new information from text “reading to learn”

Question 22

Chall’s stage 4

Answer 22

gr 8 - 12

develop skills to coordinate multiple perspectives

Question 23

T or F

knowing the letters of the alphabet correlates with reading skill

Answer 23

false no relationship between knowing letter names and reading

Question 24

T or F

phonemic awareness correlates with reading skills

Answer 24

true phonemic awareness skills improves reading and spelling for at least 4 years

Question 25

two types of word identification

Answer 25

phonological recoding

visually based retrieval

Question 26

T or F

phonological recoding does not directly contribute to visually based retrieval skills

Answer 26

false mastering phonological recoding contributes to retrieval

Question 27

mental model

Answer 27

comprehension - involves representing a situation/idea and updating it as new information appears

Question 28

T or F

content knowledge is the greatest influence on reading comprehension

Answer 28

true

Question 29

comprehension monitoring

Answer 29

keeping track of ones understanding

Question 30

dyslexia

Answer 30

inability to read well despite normal intelligence,

general weakness in phonological processing (ability to discriminate and remember sounds within words)

Question 31

what is the hidden classroom

Answer 31

influences on how a child performs in school

• beliefs about effort
• stereotypes about ability
• culture of success/achievement

Question 32

achievement motivation

Answer 32

motivated by learning or performance goals

Question 33

entity theory

Answer 33

belief that intelligence is fixed, seek situations of assured success

Question 34

incremental theory

Answer 34

belief that intelligence can be developed through effort, persist in the face of failure

Question 35

Ambady et al. (2001)

what was the research question?

Answer 35

do negative or positive stereotypes influence academic performance?

Question 36

Ambady et al. (2001)

what were their methods?

Answer 36

activating either race or gender identity before a math test, during which time implicit and explicit stereotype awareness tasks were given

Question 37

Ambady et al. (2001)

what were the results?

Answer 37

the oldest and youngest groups scores increased or decreased based on positive or negative stereotype beliefs about gender and race. implicit stereotype awareness measured that the stereotype that asians and boys are better at math was activated and influenced their performance.