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Clinical Psychology > mood disorders REVISE > Flashcards

mood disorders REVISE Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a mood disorder?

A

disorder in which primary disturbance appears to be one of mood

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2
Q

what are the two types of mood disorders?

A

unipolar

bipolar

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3
Q

what does unipolar mean?

A

experiencing low mood only

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4
Q

what does bipolar mean?

A

experiencing high mood, usually also with low mood

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5
Q

what are some symptoms of depression?

A

sadness, worthlessness, poor sleep, guilt, appetite changes

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6
Q

what are the signs of someone having depression?

A

socially withdraw, fatigued, poor concentration, inactive, aches and pains

psychomotor retardaion - thoughts and movements may slow down

psychomotor agitation - don’t being able to sit still and fidget

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7
Q

what is anhedonia?

A

lack of feeling of pleasure

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8
Q

what is major depressive disorder?

A

5 depressive symptoms to be present for at least 2 weeks

episodic as symptoms may be present (up to 5 months) for a while then clear

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9
Q

what is double depression?

A

when a person has both persistent depressive disorder and major depressive episodes

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10
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder and of dysthymia?

A

MDD - 16.2%

dysthymia - 2.5%

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11
Q

consequences of depression?

A

number 1 cause of disability in the world

2-9% of people with depression commit suicide (compared to 1% of general population)
10% of young adults commit suicide

greater risk of medical diseases

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12
Q

what does relapse mean?

A

a return of current episode

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13
Q

what does recurrence mean?

A

start of a new episode

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14
Q

what does acute mean?

A

it is currently hapening (doesn’t relate to severity)

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15
Q

stats for greater risk the more episodes tha are had?

A

more than 3 episodes 40% relapse within 3 months and 70% within 6 months

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16
Q

neurobiological factors of depression

genetics

neurotransmitters

brain abonormalities

A

moderate genetic risk - heritability of major depressive disorder is 37%

neurotransmitters - diminished function of the dopamine system (reward-motivation)
lowered sensitivity in serotonin receptors (happiness and mood regulation)

brain abnormalities - hyperreactivity of amygdala (processing of emotions) and diminished activity of hippocampus (emotional regulation) to emotional stimuli

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17
Q

biological treatments of depression

A

antidepressants e.g SSRIs
fewer side effects than old anti-depressants
less effective at preventing risk of relapse

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
used as a last treatment option for extremely depressed and suicidal people as major ethical implications
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18
Q

cognitive factors of depression

A

Beck’s theory:

negative triad of beliefs caused by negative event
causes inner speech full of negative propaganda - Negative Automatic Thoughts (NATs)

rumination theory:

dwell on sad experiences

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19
Q

cognitive treatment for depression

what it targets

what it involves

A

CBT:
targets rumination of NATs
aims to change perspective of thinking, remembering etc.

tracks and challenges NATs by setting homework to find evidence for the NATs

behavioural activation:
increase participation in posiively reinforcing activites

leads to mastery (can do that) and pleasure (positive change in mood)

20
Q

issues with treatments for depression?

A

don’t help prevent relapse once treatment has ended

need for maintenance treatments

21
Q

gender difference in diagnosis of depression and reasons for this difference?

A

Major Depressive Disorder is twice as common in women as it is in men

twice as many girls exposed to sex abuse
women more likely to be exposed to chronic stressors such as poverty
acceptance of social roles e.g focusing on appearace

22
Q

what percentage more likely to survive depression if they had stronger social relationships?

A

50%

23
Q

what is bipolar disorder 1?

A

one or more manic episodes within lifetime

24
Q

what is bipolar disorder 2?

A

one or more major depressive episodes plus at least one hypomanic episode

25
Q

what is cyclothymic disorder?

A

brief spells of mild hypomania and mild depression over a 2 year period

15-20% develop bipolar 1 or 2

26
Q

difference between mania and hypomania?

A

hypomania doesn’t involve impairment to everyday life and doesn’t cause problems

person just feels more productive and energetic and irritable

27
Q

what is the prevalence of bipolar 1?

A

1%

28
Q

what number of leading disability in the worldis bipolar 1?

A

9th

29
Q

what is the suicide rate of bipolar disorder 1?

A

25x that of normal population

highest of all mental disorders and maybe drawing with schizophrenia

30
Q

what is the lifetime prevalence of all bipolar disorders?

A

4%

31
Q

how does a manic episode develop?

A

diathesis stress model

vulnerable then trigger then symptoms appear

32
Q

is there an association between life events and the course of bipolar?

A

yes

more likely to have a manic episode when event isn’t too stressful after many episodes as become more sensitive

33
Q

what are the targets of CBT for bipolar?

A 
identify prodromes (early warning signs for having an episode)
psychoeducation of condition
medication concordance (adherenece)
target disfunctional cognitions
34
Q

effectiveness of CBT for bipolar?

A

evidence that they reduce relapse risk

35
Q

what % of those with major depressive disorder will experience more than 1 depressive episode?

A

2/3

average no. is 4 (increases 16% each time)

36
Q

what is chronic depressive disorder?

A

also known as dysthymia

have depressed mood and 2 other symptoms at least 50% of the time for 2 years

37
Q

cultural variations in prevalence and symtpoms of depression

A

variance from 1% to 19% of MDD

more likely to report sad mood in US than in South Korea

38
Q

average length of dysthemia symptoms?

A

5 years

39
Q

what occurs during a manic episode?

A

period of intense elation or irritability

person may become extremely sociable to the point of being intrusive

stop sleeping, energetic and reckless

40
Q

comorbidity of bipolar disorders with anxiety disorders and substance abuse?

A

anxiety disorders - 2/3

substance abuse - 1/3

41
Q

neurobiological factors of bipolar disorders

genetics

neurotransmitters

brain abonormalities

A

genetics - up to 93% heritability

neurotransmitters - dopamine receptors overly sensistive (manic symptoms triggered by drugs increasing dopamine levels)
lowered sensitivity in serotonin receptors

brain abnormalities - over activity of striatum (reward) during mania

42
Q

social factors of depression

A

lack of social support after a traumatic event

expressed emotion in families

43
Q

social factors of bipolar disorder?

depressive symptoms?

manic symptoms?

A

depressive symptoms:
negative life events and lack of social supportand cognitive style

manic symptoms:
sleep disruption and life events involving goal attainment due to reward sensitivity

44
Q

psychological treatments of bipolar

A

cognitive therapy

family focused therapy

psychoeducational (learning about symtpoms and what triggers them)

45
Q

biological treatmets for bipolar disorder

A

mood stabilising medications for reducing manic symptoms e.g lithium

may help treat depressive symptoms but if not take antidepressants alongside

Clinical Psychology (15 decks)

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