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Clinical Psychology > autism REVISE > Flashcards

autism REVISE Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of disorder is autism?

A

a neuro-developmental disorder

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2
Q

how many neurons are made per second in the peak of being a toddler?

A

2 million

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3
Q

when do people start making memories and why?

A

around 3 years old as this is when the language and frontal lobes develop

memeories are conscious recall facilitated through language

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4
Q

how many synapses will the brain have at 3 years old?

A

1000 trillion

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5
Q

when does process of synaptic pruning begin and slow down

A

begins at 3

by adolescence around 1/2 synapses have been discarded

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6
Q

which 2 parts of the brain are involved in empathy and fear response?

A

amygdala and hippocampus

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7
Q

what emotions are we able to display from birth?

A

content and displeasure

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8
Q

what emotions are we able to display from 6 months?

A

more complex emotions e.g surprise and sadness

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9
Q

when do girls begin to be able to empathise?

A

1 year old`

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10
Q

when does Theory of Mind begin to develop?

A

3 years old

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11
Q

when does complex theory of mind develop?

A

7-9 years

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12
Q

what is Theory of Mind?

explanation for it’s being impaired in autism?

A

being able to attribute mental states to others,
to infer what someone is thinking or feeling
know they have beliefs, desires and intentions that are different to one’s own

impaired in those with autism perhaps due to the fact they mainly look at the mouths of people and not the eyes which tend to reveal their emotions
also, no activation in amygdala which helps identify emotions when looking at faces

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13
Q

what is empathy?

A

ability to understand and share the feelings of another

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14
Q

what is cognitive empathy?

A

conscious drive to understand and infer what someone else is thinking

(theory of mind)

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15
Q

what is affective empathy?

A

feel and share their emotion in order to respond appropriately

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16
Q

how does Theory of Mind develop?

A

babies develop pre-verbal social skills e.g making noises

they begin to use gestures which leads to shared communication and shared perspcetive

normal communication enables a chilld to share in the perceptions and thoughts of those around them

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17
Q

what is a description of austism?

A

when the ability to connect with people is absent

i.e both cognitive and affective empathy s impaired

18
Q

what percentage of children with austism have a learning difficulty?

A

75%

the rest have borderline learning disabilities

19
Q

is autism roughly equal across culture and social class?

A

yes

20
Q

which gender is diagnosed more frequently and is there an explanation for this?

A

3-4:1 to boys

girls diagnosed less as overlooked as shy and less effective in diagnosing girls than boys

21
Q

prevalence of autism in children?

A

affects 1 in every 110 children

22
Q

parental influences as a cause of austism?

A

old notion of “refrigerator mother” who is cold and rejecting causing autism in the child

no evidence to support this

although, possible for mother to seem cold if has autism herself

23
Q

MMR vaccine as a cause of autism?

A

no evidence for this being correct

however, many mothers stopped children from having this vaccine, leading to many having these diseases which may have onset autism due to brain injury

Kaye found incidence of autism increased from 0.3 to 2.1 per 10 000 from 1988 to 1999 when MMR vaccine at same level

24
Q

what are the factors in the triad of impairment of people with autism?

A

socialisation - e.g looking through people and turning their backs on them as see people as unpredictable

language developent - e.g refer to themselves in third person and not understand complex language like sayings or sarcasm

behaviour - e.g engage in repetitive acts

25
Q

why may people with autism view everything as threating and therefore people as unpredictable?

A

disconnection between cerebellum and other parts of the brain which acts as a warning system so not regulated

26
Q

biological causes of autism?

A

genetics : 91% of MZ twins and about 0% of DZ twins
heritability estimate of 80%

illness : e.g rubella direct cause as causes increased neurobiological abnormality in the brain

27
Q

neurobiological causes?

A

brain size increases between ages 2-4 larger than average which could indicate that neurons aren’t being pruned correctly and therefore the brain is not maturing

abnormalities in the cerebellum (linked to less exploratory behaviour)

difference in size of the amygdala at different ages which is associated with social and emotional behaviour

28
Q

early signs of autism? social impairment

A

abnormal social play, impaired ability to make friends

behaviours explained by lack of theory of mind as don’t attribute differet emotions to others e.g Sally Anne experiment

problem in joint attention (interactions requiring 2 people to pay attention to each other)

29
Q

early signs of autism? language impairment

A

less frequent babbling as a baby

echolalia (echoing someone else)

pronoun reversal and refering in 3rd person

30
Q

early signs of autism? restricted behavioural repertoire

why they may behave in this way?

A

obsessional and ritualistic quality to behaviour

distress over changes in routine

play with inanimate objects

why? attempting to impose order on external world as can’t organise inteneral world

31
Q

psychological treatment of austism?

A

behavioural interventions and working with parents e.g ‘super-parenting’ at 2/3 years old which is micro parenting by involving experts to change trajectory from definietely autistic to slighty

32
Q

what are the goals of intervention?

A

reducing unusual behaviour and improving social and communication skills

33
Q

issues with intervention?

A

changing routine which frustrates child

usual rewards such as social praise not rewarding

34
Q

what percetage of general population vs. prison population is autistic?

A

1.5% of general pop.
15% of prison pop.
as have poor empathy, frustrated easily, misinterpretation of social cues and exlcuded from schools

35
Q

what may explain why those with autism find it comforting to act in the way that they do?

A

they may have wrongly learnt how to self-soothe and comfort themselves due to absense of soothing from and non-engaging parents so never taught the right way to comfort themselves

distorted view of what’s comforting

36
Q

what must be considered when diagnosising autism and other childhood disorders?

A

the age of the child and whether their behaviours are atypical for that age

37
Q

differences in classification of autsim in DSM4 and DSM5?

A

DSM 4 - autism under umbrella term of ‘pervasive developmental disorders’ along with Asperger’s etc. but distinct disorders

DSM5 - autism and Asperger’s disorder called ‘autism spectrum disorder’ and considered one disorder (only difference is variance in severity)

38
Q

what is meant by externalising disorders?

which gender are they more common in?

A

characterised by more outward-directed behaviours

more common in boys

39
Q

what is meant by internalising disorders?

which gender are they more common in?

A

characterised by more inward-focused experiences and behaviours

more common in girls

40
Q

why is it often difficult to distinguish between a child with autism and intellectual development disorder?

and what is the main difference between these 2 disorders?

A

many children with autism score below 70 on IQ tests

autism - score badly on language questions but well on visuo-spatial tasks

IDD - score badly in everything

41
Q

which type of children with autsim will generally have the best outcomes?

A

those with higher IQ and can speak before the age of 6

42
Q

drug treatments for autism

effectiveness

negatives

comparison to behavioural treatments

A

haloperidol

may reduce social withdrawal and maladaptive behaviours

no improvement in social functioning and language impairment

side effects e.g dyskinesias

much less effective than behavioural treatments

Clinical Psychology (15 decks)

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