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Mental Health > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the “mood disorders”?

A

Depression
Bipolar disorder
Persistent Mood disorder

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2
Q

What patterns can depression come in?

A

Single episode or recurrent episodes

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3
Q

What 3 types of symptoms can pts with depression get?

A
  • Core
  • Biological/Somatic
  • Cognitive
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4
Q

What are the core symptoms of depression?

A
  • Low mood for 2 weeks +
  • Lack of energy
  • Anhedonia
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5
Q

What are the biological/somatic symptoms of depression?

A
  • Sleep changes
  • Appetite/weight changes
  • Diurnal variation in mood
  • Psychomotor retardation
  • Loss of libido
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6
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

A
  • Low self esteem
  • Guilt/self blame
  • Hopelessness
  • Hypochondrial thoughts
  • Poor concentration/attention
  • Suicidal thoughts
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7
Q

What are the 4 types of depression wrt severity?

A

Mild, moderate, severe, and severe with psychotic symptoms

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8
Q

How is mild depression diagnosed?

A

2 core symptoms + 2 other. Pt able to function.

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9
Q

How is moderate depression diagnosed?

A

2 core symptoms + 3/4 other. Pts ability to function is affected.

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10
Q

How is severe depressions diagnosed?

A

3 core symptoms + at least 4 other. Pts ability to function is affected.

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11
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of depression?

A

10-20%

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12
Q

What is the ration of M:F in depression?

A

1:2 M:F

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13
Q

How much more common is depression in people with long term conditions?

A

2-3x more common

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14
Q

What kind of hallucination is most common in psychosis with severe depression?

A

Auditory

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15
Q

What is post-natal depression?

A

Depression experienced by mothers usually 1-2 months post-partum (majority of cases are within a year of childbirth)

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16
Q

What % of mothers are affected by post-natal depression?

A

10-15%

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17
Q

Can post-natal depression affect partners/fathers?

A

Yes, although it is less common

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18
Q

In addition to symptoms of depression, what other symptoms does post-natal depression have?

A
  • Difficulty bonding with baby
  • Frightening thoughts e.g. about hurting the baby
  • Feeling that they’re unable to look after the baby
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19
Q

What therapies are there for post-natal depression?

A
  • Self-help, often with family and freinds as support
  • CBT
  • Antidepressants
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20
Q

What is bipolar disorder according to ICD10?

A

Two or more episodes in which the patient’s mood and activity levels are significantly disturbed, this disturbance consisting sometimes of hypomania or mania, and sometimes of depression.

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21
Q

What is hypomania?

A

State where mood is mildly elevated, pt is expansive, or the pt is irritable in mood. Increased activity, self esteem, sociability, sex drive, familiarity. Decreased need for sleep.

22
Q

What is mania?

A

State where mood is leated, expansive, or irritable, increased energy/activity, agitation, pressure of speech, evidence of formal thought disorder, easily distracted, disinhibited, impaired judgement, and may experience psychotic symptoms.

23
Q

What is persistent mood disorder?

A

Persistent and usually fluctuating disorders of mood in which the majority of the individual episodes are not sufficiently severe to warrant being described as hypomanic or mild depressive episodes.

24
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

A persistent mood disorder chracterised by mild periods of elation/depression (none of which severe enough for bipolar)

25
Q

Who frequently gets cyclothymia?

A

Relatives of those with bipolar affective disorder

26
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

A persistent mood disorder characterised by chronic depression of mood lastng severeal years or more (which is not sufficiently severe/prolonged to class as depression)

27
Q

What is mixed affective state?

A

A mixture or rapid alternation of hypomania, mania, and depression

28
Q

What are the different types of bipolar?

A

Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2

29
Q

What is bipolar 1?

A

1 or more manic episode or mixed +/- 1 depressive episode

30
Q

What is bipolar 2?

A

At least 1 severe depressive and 1 hypomanic episode

31
Q

Name some differential diagnoses for mood disorders?

A 
Normal mood flux
Bereavement
PTSD
Dementia
Other organic brain disorders
32
Q

Name some biological causes of mood disorders

A

Genetic
Physical illness
Mental Illness

33
Q

Name some psychological causes of mood disorders

A

Childhood experiences
View of self
View of the world
Personality traits

34
Q

Name some social causes of mood disorders

A 
Work/(un)employment
Housing
Finance
Relationships
Support
35
Q

What biological treatments are there for mood disorders?

A

Pharmacological treatments
ECT
TMS
tDCS

36
Q

What is ECT licensed for in the UK?

A

Moderate/Severe depression (treatment resistant or life threatening)

37
Q

What is TMS and what is it licensed for in the UK?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Approved by NICE but limited availability in UK for treatment of severe depression

38
Q

What is tDCS? What is it licensed for?

A

Transcranial direct current stimulation

Severe depression

39
Q

What psychological treatments are there available for mood disorders?

A

Education about condition
CBT
IPT
Mindfulness

40
Q

What is IPT?

A

Interpersonal therapy - psychotherapy that focuses on the pt and their relationships with others

41
Q

What social treatments are there for mood disorders?

A

Targeted social interventions

Behavioural activation

42
Q

What are the 5 stages of grief according to the 5 stages model?

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance

43
Q

Is a grief reaction a medical issue?

A

No, it is normal, but it may cause people to experience worrying symptoms.

44
Q

How can denial manifest in a grief reaction?

A

Feeling numb; pseudohallucinations of deceased; preparing a meal for the deceased; focus on physical objects that remind them of the deceased

45
Q

Who usually bares the brunt of the anger expressed in the second stage of grief?

A

It is usually directed at family and medical professionals

46
Q

Which demographic group of people are more likely to experience abnormal or atypical grief reactions?

A

Women

47
Q

What risk factors are there for having an atypical or abnormal grief reaction?

A

Poor social support; griever being female; deceased being young or death unexpected; relationship problems prior to death.

48
Q

What is the main feature of an atypical grief reaction?

A

Different timeline - either prolonged or delayed

49
Q

When would you suspect a delayed grief reaction?

A

After 2+ weeks pass before grieving begins

50
Q

When would you suspect a prolonged grief reaction?

A

Difficult to define - normal grieving can take 12+ months.

51
Q

A patient presents with TATT. They have no physical signs or any biochemical abnormalities. What other symproms should we screen for here?

A
  • Low mood*
  • Loss of interest in hobbies etc*
  • Feelings of worthlessness/guilt
  • Recurrent thoughts of death/suicide
  • Diminished ability to concentrate
  • Agitation/irritability
  • Insomnia/hypersomnia
  • Weight loss/appetite changes
52
Q

What is the most important cause of a missed diagnosis of depression?

Why?

A

Somatisation.

Over-investigation and creating health anxiety, as well as missing an important diagnosis and untimely treatment,

Mental Health (17 decks)

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