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Mental Health > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

How common are anxiety disorders?

A

6.6% for generalised anxiety disorder

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2
Q

What is the M:F for anxiety disorders in the UK?

A

1:2 M:F

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3
Q

Describe the mechanism for anxiety disorders

A

Normal reaction: Fear due to stimulus -> arousal -> fight or flight reaction

Anxiety causes unthreatening situations to trigger fear -> unnecessary reconditioning to fear harmless situations, leading to avoidant behaviours.

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4
Q

What 3 systems do we process events with? How does this tie in with anxiety?

A

Thoughts
Feelings
Behaviours

Understanding how they interact can help understand anxiety and aid treatment

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of anxiety?

A

Racing thoughts
Sympathetic NS arousal eg increased HR, sweating, dry mouth
Inability to concentrate
Cognitive bias

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6
Q

What is cognitive bias?

A

A mistake in reasoning/processing causing deviation from norm or rationality in judgement.

Can have attentional focus eg to threat, to illness.

Often maintains anxiety disorders

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7
Q

What can pts develop to prevent anxiety?

A

Safety behaviours

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8
Q

What are safety behaviours?

A

Behaviours that a pt develops to make a situation seem safer to them

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9
Q

What is the problem with safety behaviours?

A

Only help short term as the behaviour reinforces the belief that the situation is dangerous and that the behaviour is the only way to cope with that situation

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10
Q

What anxiety disorders are there?

A
  • phobias
  • panic disorders
  • generalised anxiety disorder
  • social anxiety disorder
  • OCD
  • body dysmorphic disorder
  • PTSD
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12
Q

What is a phobia?

A

A marked fear of something (specific or simple) with marked avoidance of that object/situation

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13
Q

What do pts with phobias lack?

A

Ability to be rational about the perceived threat

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14
Q

What is a panic disorder?

A

Fear of ones own physiological/psychological reactions

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15
Q

What can accompany a panic disorder?

A

Agoraphobia

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16
Q

With a panic disorder, how do pts perceive physiological/psychological changes?

A

Signs of impending catastrophe

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17
Q

What can perpetuate the beliefs in panic disorder?

A

Avoidance of situations that trigger responses

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18
Q

Why can agoraphobia develop with panic disorders?

A

Pt begins to stay at home in order to avoid these situations and because they feel they have the most control over the environment

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19
Q

What does avoidance in a phobia perpetuate?

A

The phobia and pattern of avoidance

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20
Q

What does avoidance in a phobia perpetuate?

A

The phobia and pattern of avoidance

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of worrying?

A

Type 1 - Everyday worries that everyone gets about day to day things
Type 2 - worrying about worrying

22
Q

What maintains the worrying in generalised anxiety disorder?

A

The belief that worrying is good and has got them where they are i.e. they become dependant on worrying

23
Q

What demographic groups is generalised anxiety disorder common in?

A

High achievers

Healthcare professionals

24
Q

What is social anxiety disorder?

A

Fear of negative evaluation by others

25
Q

What does this fear in social anxiety disorder lead to?

A

Avoidance of feared situations, safety behaviours, and “post-mortem”-ing situations afterwards

26
Q

What can perpetuate the situation in social anxiety disorder?

A

Avoidant behaviours of the pt draw attention to them, which is a situation they are afraid of

27
Q

Define OCD

A

Anxiety disorder in which recurrent obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts which are invariably distressing to the patient

28
Q

What are some common intrusive thoughts?

A

Being contaminated, causing harm, behaving inappropriately/against personal belief set

29
Q

What are some common compulsions?

A 
Washing
Checking (gas, lights etc)
Flicking switches
Ordering/aligning
Praying
Counting
Repeating words
30
Q

What is body dysmorphic disorder?

A

A psychological disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with imaginary defects in their appearance

31
Q

Define PTSD

A

A mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it.

32
Q

What are the 3 main features of PTSD?

A

Re-experiencing
Avoidance or rumination
Hyperarousal

33
Q

What symptoms do people with PTSD experience?

A 
Flashbacks
Nightmares
Severe anxiety
Uncontrollable thoughts about the event
Difficulty adjusting/coping
34
Q

How can PTSD be treated?

A

Screening for it in at risk groups iver very valuable.

Psychotherapy - CBT and group therapy

Medication such as antidepressants

Eye-movement desensitisation and reprocessing with stress management.

35
Q

How can PTSD be treated?

A

Psychotherapy - CBT and group therapy

Medication such as antidepressants

36
Q

Which groups in society are at higher risk of PTSD?

A
  • People who have experienced sexual assault or abuse
  • Refugees/asylum seekers
  • First responders
  • Military personnel
  • PMHx of psychiatric disorders
37
Q

What risk factors for military personnel increases the risk for PTSD?

A
  • Duration of combat exposure
  • Low morale
  • Poor social support
  • Unmarried
  • Low educational attainment
  • Hx of childhood adversity
38
Q

How might PTSD re-experiencing manifest?

A
  • Flashbacks
  • Nightmares
  • Distressing images or sensory impressions intruding during waking hours
  • Reminders provoking distress
39
Q

What symptoms do patients with PTSD experience if they exhibit avoidance or rumination?

A

Ask themselves or others:

  • Why me?
  • Coud it have been prevented?
  • How can I take revenge?
40
Q

How might hyperarousal manifest in a patient with PTSD?

A
  • Hypervigilant for threat
  • Startle easy
  • Irritable
  • Poor concentration
  • Sleep problems
  • Difficulty with emotions
  • Feeling detached
  • Amnesia around trauma
41
Q

What complications can a person wit PTSD have?

A
  • Depression
  • Drug or alcohol abuse
  • Unexplained medical symptoms
42
Q

Which demographic group present much differently with PTSD?

Why?

A

Children - limited verbal skills and different means of responding to stress.

Much more likely to experience stress dreams, sleep disturbance, behavioural difficulties, and re-enacting experience in joyless play.

43
Q

What are compulsions?

A

Repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform.

44
Q

Give an example of a complusion.

A
  • Checking the door is locked
  • Checking the gas is off
  • Repeating phrases in their head
45
Q

Which very common state can act as a stressor/trigger for OCD?

A

Pregnancy or the post-natal period

46
Q

How long should symptoms be present for in a diagnosis of OCD?

A

2 weeks or more

47
Q

What is important to establish about obsessions and compulsions in OCD?

A

They originate in th emind of the patient and not imposed by outside persons or influences

48
Q

With a patient with OCD, what do we need to check about their symptoms impact on their life?

A

Exactly how severe the impact is on their bility to function day to day.

49
Q

What is the first line intervention recommended for OCD?

A

Psychological intervention e.g. CBT with exposure and response prevention

50
Q

If a patient has severe functional impairment due to OCD, what mnagement should be offered?

A

High-intensity psychological therapy + SSRI

Mental Health (17 decks)

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