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Abnormal Psychology > Mood Disorders > Flashcards

Mood Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Hippocrates

A

Humoral Theory: Mania caused by warmth and dampness in brain, depression is an excess of black bile

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2
Q

Romans

A

Recognized emotional factors in depression

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3
Q

Cicero

A

Psychotherapy for melancholia

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4
Q

Robert Burtons Anatomy of Melancholia

A

Psychological and social causes of depression

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5
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A

Coined term manic depression

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6
Q

Psychodynamic View

A

Those who can’t get over grief turn their anger inwards

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7
Q

Freud and Abraham

A

Imagined loss: Unconsciously interpret normal events as severe losses which is a catalyst for depression

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8
Q

Duration of MDD symptoms

A

Depressed for 2 weeks with 4 additional symptoms

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9
Q

Cost of MDD

A

14.4 billion/ year

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10
Q

Atypical depression

A

Oversleep, over eat, weight gain, anxiety– most common

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11
Q

Prevalence of MDD

A

6% women, 3% men

Lifetime: 12%, 6%

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12
Q

of Canadians with MDD

A

1,500,000

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13
Q

% of people who will experience a second MDD epsiode

A

50%
70% third
90% 3+

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14
Q

Average length of MDD episode

A

6-9 months

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15
Q

% of MDD people with a comorbid anxiety disorder

A

50%

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16
Q

% of MDD die of suicide

A

15%

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17
Q

Persistent Deppressive Disorder

A

Chronic low mood lasting 2 years

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18
Q

Lifetime prevalence of dysthymia

A

3%

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19
Q

Double depression

A

Dysthymia plus MD episodes

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20
Q

Mania

A

Distinct period of elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least one week and accompanied by 3 symptoms

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21
Q

Hypomania

A

Less severe form of mania, only 4 days

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22
Q

Bipolar 1

A

Mania

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23
Q

Bipolar II

A

Hypomania and major depressive episodes

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24
Q

Mixed State

A

Manic/hypomanic and depressive symptkms at the same time

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25
Q

Which bipolar type is harder to diagnose

A

II- hypomania is harder to detect than mania

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26
Q

Length of manic episodes

A

2 weeks- 4 months

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27
Q

Bipolar suicide rates

A

10-15%

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28
Q

Bipolar lifetime prevalence

A

I- 0.8%

II- 0.5%

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29
Q

MDD gender ratio

A

2:1 women

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30
Q

Bipolar gender ratio

A

=

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31
Q

Bipolar age of onset

A

20

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32
Q

Rapid cycling

A

10-20% of cases

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33
Q

cyclothymia

A

Continuous periods of hypomanic symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms– lasts 2 years

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34
Q

Cyclothymia gender ratio

A

=

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35
Q

Cyclothymia prevalence

A

less than 1%

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36
Q

Rapid Cycling specifier

A

4 or more manic or depressive episodes within a year– episodes seperated by at least 2 months

37
Q

SAD

A

Recurrent depressive episodes tied to the changing seasons

38
Q

% of MDD with SAD

A

11%

39
Q

Prevalence of SAD

A

2-3%

40
Q

% of women with modd swings after child birth

A

70%

41
Q

% of new mothers with MD or mani episode

A

10-15%

42
Q

Mother suicide and infantcide rates

A

5% suicide

4% nfantcide

43
Q

Hormone implcated inpost-partum depression

A

Progesterone

44
Q

Psychological level

A

Temperament, personality, dysfunctional thinking and maladaptive behaviour contribute to mood disorder

45
Q

2 psychodynamic personality patterns increase risk for depression

A

Dependant

Self-critical

46
Q

Dependant

A

Rely on relationships for sense of identity

47
Q

Blatt

A

Personality styles developed in childhood render people vulnerable to depression when they experience a stressor

48
Q

Beck

A

Emotional repsonse to as situation is determined by how it is appraised

49
Q

Schema

A

Structures in mind containing core beliefs about self, world and future

50
Q

Negative Feedback Seeking

A

Actively seek critiscim and negative feedback from others

51
Q

Reassurance Seeking

A

Repeatedly seek reassurance of worth and lovability from others

52
Q

Stress Generation hypothesis

A

Depressed people generate stressful life events in interpersonla domain and contribute to events due to maladaptve behaviors

53
Q

Life Stress perspective

A

Stresful events tax our psychological and physical resources

54
Q

Chance of first degree relatives of MDD and BP patients to develop disorders

A

MDD- 2-5x

BP- 7-15x

55
Q

Heritability estimate for MDD and BP

A

MDD- 0.36

BP- 0.75

56
Q

HTT

A

Serotonin transporter gene on chromosome 17– shorter allele in MDD

57
Q

2 neurotransmitter systems in depression

A

Catecholamine: Norepinephrine
Indoleamine: Serotonin

58
Q

Origin of serotonin

A

Raphe nucleui of pons and medulla

59
Q

Serotonin effects

A

arousla, mood, anxiety, aggression, eat, sleep, dreams, pain, sex drive, memory

60
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Regulates arousal, energy, activity and appetite

61
Q

Dopamine

A

pleasure, reward, mood attention, activity

62
Q

Sleep stages

A

First 4 are slow wave, 5th is REM

63
Q

Brain differences in depressed people

A

Reduced activity in prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and basal ganglia

64
Q

Brain lesions in depression

A

Left anterior lesions

65
Q

of CBT depression sessions

A

16-20

66
Q

Behavioural experiments

A

Test negative beliefs in real-life situations to disconfirm them

67
Q

MBCT

A

Midfulness-based: Promote awareness of the here and now to reduce ruminative thinking patterns

68
Q

of IPT sessions

A

12-16

69
Q

4 dysfunctions addressed in IPT

A

Interpersonal disputes
Role transitions
Grief
Interpersonal deficits

70
Q

Tricyclics

A

Block reuptake from synpse of norepinephrine– most effective but many side effcets

71
Q

MAOI’s

A

Inhibit enzyme that breaks down monoaminergic neurotransmitters so more monoamines are released into synpase

72
Q

Response rate for antidepressants

A

50-70%

73
Q

CANMAT

A

Guidelines to choose medications for patents

74
Q

Lithium

A

Mental illness linked to excess of uric acid– deactivates enzyme that disrupts circadian clock

75
Q

% of BP that dont respond to lithium

A

40%

76
Q

Anticonvulsants

A

Increase synthesis of GABA– inhibitory effect

77
Q

Severe depression treatment

A

Meds and IPT

78
Q

Persistent depression treatment

A

Meds and CBT

79
Q

Interpersonal and Social Rhythm therapy

A

Disruptions in daily routines and conflicts n relationships cause relapses of BP

80
Q

Treatmnt resistant depression

A

Failure to achieve remission after 2 trials of meds

81
Q

Vagnus Nerve Stimulation

A

Vagnus nerve runs from brain stem to abdomen– pulse generator surgically implantes and wire attaches to nerve

82
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

Surgically implanted wires and ulse generators in brain regions

83
Q

Suicide completion gender ratio

A

3x more men complete suicide

84
Q

Suicidal Ideation

A

Thoughts of death and plans of suicide

85
Q

Suicidal gestures

A

Behaviours that look like suicide but are clearly not life threatening

86
Q

Gender ratio for attempted suicide

A

Women 3x mor likely

87
Q

Strongest risk factor for suicide

A

being male

88
Q

Regions with lowest suicide rates

A

Catholic countries

89
Q

Durkheim

A

Suicide caused by sense of anomie– feeling rootless and lack of belonging

Abnormal Psychology (6 decks)

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