Mood Flashcards
What is Major Depression?
A response to past and current stress, often viewed as a protective mechanism that sends the individual into ‘psychic hibernation.’
What are the symptoms of Major Depression?
Depressed mood lasting several weeks to months, loss of interest, energy, and motivation, disturbances in sleep, eating, weight, and concentration, feelings of guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts.
How prevalent is Major Depression?
10 times more common today than 50 years ago; about 18% of people will experience it in their lifetime.
What is the typical onset age for Major Depression?
Onset typically occurs in late teens/early 20s.
What is the duration of an untreated episode of Major Depression?
An untreated episode can last from 3-9 months.
What percentage of people with Major Depression will have recurrent episodes?
60-70% of people will have recurrent episodes.
What is the treatment gap for Major Depression?
65% never receive treatment due to cost, lack of awareness, or stigma.
What is the suicide risk associated with Major Depression?
15% of people with depression will commit suicide.
What is the placebo effect in Major Depression?
Placebo effects may help 30% of depressed individuals.
What is the cycle of Depression?
Stressful experiences → Negative explanatory style → Hopeless, depressed state → Affects thoughts → Leads to further negative interpretations.
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
Depression occurring seasonally, typically in winter, often referred to as ‘hibernation.’
What are the symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
Increased sleep, weight gain, carbohydrate cravings.
What is a treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?
Bright Light Therapy: Exposure to full-spectrum light to reset the biological clock.
What is Bipolar Disorder?
A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.
What are the types of Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar I: Full manic episodes alternating with depressive episodes. Bipolar II: Hypomania (milder form of mania) alternating with depressive episodes.
What are the symptoms of Mania?
Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood; hyperactivity; decreased need for sleep; grandiosity; racing thoughts; reckless behavior.
What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Disorder?
2.5%.
What is the gender difference in Bipolar Disorder prevalence?
No gender difference.
What percentage of individuals with Bipolar Disorder will experience recurrences?
89% will experience recurrences.
What is a notable characteristic of individuals with Bipolar Disorder?
More common in creative individuals (e.g., poets, artists).
What are the risk factors for suicide?
Anxiety
Depression
Alc
Anxiety: 3x increased risk; Depression: 5x increased risk; Alcohol: 70% of suicide attempts involve alcohol.
What is the prevalence of suicide attempts in the U.S. annually?
1.7 million suicide attempts.
How many suicides occur in the U.S. each year?
Over 49,000.
What is the trend in suicide rates?
Suicide rates are increasing.
What is the relationship between firearms and suicide?
50% of suicides are committed using firearms.
What is suicide contagion?
Suicide within a community can trigger others to attempt suicide, particularly among adolescents and young adults.
What are the gender differences in suicide attempts and completions?
Women make more attempts, but men are more likely to complete suicide (3-4x higher rate).
Who is at the highest risk for suicide?
Elderly men.
What are the common methods of suicide for men and women?
Men tend to choose more violent methods (e.g., guns, hanging), while women are more likely to self-poison.
What are other factors associated with higher suicide rates?
Religion
Marriage
Identity
Money
Higher rates in non-religious individuals, unmarried people, LGBTQ+ individuals, and the wealthy.
What percentage of transgender adults have attempted suicide?
25%.
What is the prevalence of self-harm?
Age
Gender
Environ
More common in adolescents and females, often related to bullying, harassment, or stress.
What is the typical outcome of self-harm?
Self-harm typically does not lead to suicide, but it is often a coping mechanism for emotional distress.
What is Lewinsohn’s Reinforcement Theory?
Depression arises from a failure to elicit reinforcement from social interactions.
Depressed people tend to talk slowly and no vocal variety
Non depressed people rate depressed individuals lower
What are the cognitive explanations for depression?
Depressed individuals view themselves, their situation, and the future negatively.
What is learned helplessness?
3 things individuals attribute negative events to
Individuals attribute negative events to internal (blaming yourself), global(overexagerating), and stable (can never overcome problem) causes.
What are the biological explanations for depression?
Genetics accounts for 70% of the variance in mood disorders; decreased serotonin and norepinephrine activity in depression.
What is the Mediterranean diet’s effect on depression?
Lowers depression risk; excessive alcohol increases risk.
What are common biological treatments for depression?
Antidepressants, MAO Inhibitors, Tricyclics, SSRIs, SNRIs.
What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?
Effective for severe depression, especially when other treatments fail.
What is the psychodynamic explanation for depression?
Depression may stem from unexpressed anger directed inward.
What is Beck’s Cognitive Triad?
Depressed individuals hold negative views about themselves, the world, and the future.
What is the difference in effectiveness between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the long-term?
Psychotherapy is more effective in preventing relapse.
