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Psych 202 > Mood > Flashcards

Mood Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Major Depression?

A

A response to past and current stress, often viewed as a protective mechanism that sends the individual into ‘psychic hibernation.’

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Major Depression?

A

Depressed mood lasting several weeks to months, loss of interest, energy, and motivation, disturbances in sleep, eating, weight, and concentration, feelings of guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, and suicidal thoughts.

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3
Q

How prevalent is Major Depression?

A

10 times more common today than 50 years ago; about 18% of people will experience it in their lifetime.

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4
Q

What is the typical onset age for Major Depression?

A

Onset typically occurs in late teens/early 20s.

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5
Q

What is the duration of an untreated episode of Major Depression?

A

An untreated episode can last from 3-9 months.

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6
Q

What percentage of people with Major Depression will have recurrent episodes?

A

60-70% of people will have recurrent episodes.

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7
Q

What is the treatment gap for Major Depression?

A

65% never receive treatment due to cost, lack of awareness, or stigma.

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8
Q

What is the suicide risk associated with Major Depression?

A

15% of people with depression will commit suicide.

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9
Q

What is the placebo effect in Major Depression?

A

Placebo effects may help 30% of depressed individuals.

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10
Q

What is the cycle of Depression?

A

Stressful experiences → Negative explanatory style → Hopeless, depressed state → Affects thoughts → Leads to further negative interpretations.

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11
Q

What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A

Depression occurring seasonally, typically in winter, often referred to as ‘hibernation.’

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A

Increased sleep, weight gain, carbohydrate cravings.

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13
Q

What is a treatment for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

A

Bright Light Therapy: Exposure to full-spectrum light to reset the biological clock.

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14
Q

What is Bipolar Disorder?

A

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.

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15
Q

What are the types of Bipolar Disorder?

A

Bipolar I: Full manic episodes alternating with depressive episodes. Bipolar II: Hypomania (milder form of mania) alternating with depressive episodes.

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of Mania?

A

Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood; hyperactivity; decreased need for sleep; grandiosity; racing thoughts; reckless behavior.

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17
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Bipolar Disorder?

A

2.5%.

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18
Q

What is the gender difference in Bipolar Disorder prevalence?

A

No gender difference.

19
Q

What percentage of individuals with Bipolar Disorder will experience recurrences?

A

89% will experience recurrences.

20
Q

What is a notable characteristic of individuals with Bipolar Disorder?

A

More common in creative individuals (e.g., poets, artists).

21
Q

What are the risk factors for suicide?

Anxiety
Depression
Alc

A

Anxiety: 3x increased risk; Depression: 5x increased risk; Alcohol: 70% of suicide attempts involve alcohol.

22
Q

What is the prevalence of suicide attempts in the U.S. annually?

A

1.7 million suicide attempts.

23
Q

How many suicides occur in the U.S. each year?

A

Over 49,000.

24
Q

What is the trend in suicide rates?

A

Suicide rates are increasing.

25
Q

What is the relationship between firearms and suicide?

A

50% of suicides are committed using firearms.

26
Q

What is suicide contagion?

A

Suicide within a community can trigger others to attempt suicide, particularly among adolescents and young adults.

27
Q

What are the gender differences in suicide attempts and completions?

A

Women make more attempts, but men are more likely to complete suicide (3-4x higher rate).

28
Q

Who is at the highest risk for suicide?

A

Elderly men.

29
Q

What are the common methods of suicide for men and women?

A

Men tend to choose more violent methods (e.g., guns, hanging), while women are more likely to self-poison.

30
Q

What are other factors associated with higher suicide rates?

Religion
Marriage
Identity
Money

A

Higher rates in non-religious individuals, unmarried people, LGBTQ+ individuals, and the wealthy.

31
Q

What percentage of transgender adults have attempted suicide?

A

25%.

32
Q

What is the prevalence of self-harm?

Age
Gender
Environ

A

More common in adolescents and females, often related to bullying, harassment, or stress.

33
Q

What is the typical outcome of self-harm?

A

Self-harm typically does not lead to suicide, but it is often a coping mechanism for emotional distress.

34
Q

What is Lewinsohn’s Reinforcement Theory?

A

Depression arises from a failure to elicit reinforcement from social interactions.

Depressed people tend to talk slowly and no vocal variety
Non depressed people rate depressed individuals lower

35
Q

What are the cognitive explanations for depression?

A

Depressed individuals view themselves, their situation, and the future negatively.

36
Q

What is learned helplessness?

3 things individuals attribute negative events to

A

Individuals attribute negative events to internal (blaming yourself), global(overexagerating), and stable (can never overcome problem) causes.

37
Q

What are the biological explanations for depression?

A

Genetics accounts for 70% of the variance in mood disorders; decreased serotonin and norepinephrine activity in depression.

38
Q

What is the Mediterranean diet’s effect on depression?

A

Lowers depression risk; excessive alcohol increases risk.

39
Q

What are common biological treatments for depression?

A

Antidepressants, MAO Inhibitors, Tricyclics, SSRIs, SNRIs.

40
Q

What is Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)?

A

Effective for severe depression, especially when other treatments fail.

41
Q

What is the psychodynamic explanation for depression?

A

Depression may stem from unexpressed anger directed inward.

42
Q

What is Beck’s Cognitive Triad?

A

Depressed individuals hold negative views about themselves, the world, and the future.

43
Q

What is the difference in effectiveness between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the long-term?

A

Psychotherapy is more effective in preventing relapse.

Psych 202 (8 decks)

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