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Psych 202 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stress response

A

The reaction to some kind of stressor (involves internal/external adaptation by an individual)

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2
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Stress
Evaluation of how (potentially) harmful a particular situation is

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3
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Stress
Evaluation of whether the individual possesses the resources to successfully face the demands of the situation

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4
Q

3 Stressors positive effects

A
  • Momentary stress can mobilize immune system to fend off infections and heal wounds
  • Arouses us and motivates us to conquer problems
  • Experiencing some stress builds resilience, personal strength to cope and recover
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5
Q

Stressors negative effects

A
  • More vulnerable to colds
  • Can catch disease faster or lead to a faster decline
    (Stress increases spread of cancer, increases vulnerability to heart disease)
  • Decreased immune function in response to grief
    (First time a connection b/t grief and immune function was demonstrated.
    Also proves to divorce.)
  • Surgical wounds heal more slowly
  • Inflammation
    More trauma people experience→bodies generate inflammation→heart problems, asthma, and other health problems
    More prone to inflammation if they experience social threats (including harshly raised children)
  • Stress of caring for someone with a chronic illness delays wound recovery
  • Pregnant women with overactive stress systems have shorter pregnancies (more health risks for infants)
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6
Q

Stress Response system
Walter Cannon

A

Fight or Flight Response: Activation of the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress (increased heart rate, redirected blood flow, pain suppression).

(Sympathetic nervous system helps more with immediate threats than distant threats (long term))

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7
Q

Stress response system
General Adaptation Syndrome - Hans Selye

A

3 phases:
Alarm reaction
Resistance
Exhaustion

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8
Q

Alarm reaction - General Adaptation Syndrome - Hans Selye

A

First reaction to stressor. Sympathetic nervous system is activated. Any resistance stops.

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9
Q

Resistance - General Adaptation Syndrome - Hans Selye

A

Second phase.

Symptoms remain high.

If you are in the presence of a stressor too long→body/individual adapts to the stressor→inc resistance occurs→ reactions/symptoms disappear.

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10
Q

Exhaustion - General Adaptation Syndrome - Hans Selye

A

Third phase.

Long-continued exposure versus down body’s resistance. Adaptation energy is exhausted, alarm reaction signs reappear

Susceptible to illness, individual can eventually die

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11
Q

Immune system is in the ____ nervous system.

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Immune system consists of

A

Lymphocytes (Specialized WBC)
Natural killer cells (NK cells): Attack diseases
Macrophages: Destroy worn-out cells

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13
Q

How immune function is measured

3 ways

A
  • Blood sample & count WBC
    (Healthier has more WBC)
  • Add cancer cells to blood sample and measure NK activity
  • Challenge system and record response (not sample blood, just on actual body)
    Ex: Allergy test
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14
Q

Underreacting immune system

A

Immune system may allow bacterial infections to flare, dormant virus to erupt, or cancer cells to multiply

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15
Q

Overreacting immune system

____ are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases.

A

Immune system may attack the body. Allergic reaction, other self-attacking autoimmune diseases (lupus, multiple sclerosis)

Women (even though more immunologically stronger) are more susceptible to autoimmune diseases

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16
Q

Daily life events is related to antibody levels

A

Good things in lives=higher antibody levels, improvement in immune system functions

Bad things in lives=lower antibody levels, deprovement in immune system functions

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17
Q

Environmental + Stress factors

A

People who are stressed engage in behaviors that compromise immune function
Might not eat as well when stressed
Might not exercise when stressed

Increasing infectious disease-related deaths

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18
Q

Type A Personality

A
  • Demonstrates competitive orientation towards achievement
  • Sense of urgency about time
  • Strong tendency to feel anger and hostility
    Mainly the anger that leaders to greater risk of cardiac events
  • Greater risk of cardiac events
    Bc their sympathetic nervous system is normally activated→blood redistributed to skeletal muscles (aka blood pulled AWAY from internal organs) →liver (normally removes cholesterol and fat) can’t do its job→Excess cholesterol and fat in blood→ get deposited around heart
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19
Q

Type B Personality

A
  • Demonstrates relatively low levels of competitiveness
  • Not as urgent about time
  • Not hostile
  • Avg risk cardiac events
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20
Q

Phony Type B’s

A
  • Appear to be type B’s but underneath are competitive, tense, hostile, and troubled
  • Greatest risk of cardiac events
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21
Q

Types of personality

A

Type A
Type B
Phony Type Bs

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22
Q

Personality - Depression effects

Heart problems
Smoke
Supressing emotions
Cancer

A
  • People age fast and die sooner
  • 2x likely to be dead in the following 5 yrs
  • More likely to develop heart problem or have heart attack
  • More likely to smoke more and exercise less
  • Suppressing negative emotions increases depression, relationship problems, health risks
  • Treating depression in those with cancer can improve quality of life but doesn’t inc survival rate
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23
Q

Emotional ups and downs

A

Days of the week
- Most to least positive days, friday saturday sunday thursday monday tuesday wednesday worst

One day
- Positive emotion rises from early morning to middle of day, then decreases. Positive emotions inc again at end of day

Awful events like grief take longer to heal

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24
Q

Money and happiness

National wealth
Personal income
Economic growth
Inequality

A

National wealth matters - people in countries where a majority of the people have secure livelihood are normally happier than those in poor countries

Personal income matters (up to a point) - Having enough money to eat, feel control, and treat yourself makes you happier. Power of more money to increase happiness is strongest at low incomes (Ex: $2000 means more to a person w 20k income than someone with 200k income)

Economic growth in countries hasn’t inc happiness

Extreme inequality leads to unhappiness

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25
Q

Adaptation level phenomenon

A

Forming judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Happiness is relative

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26
Q

Relative deprivation

A

Perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves
- Believing others are better than us makes us feel worse
Happiness is relative

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27
Q

Pessimism

_ more likely to develop heart disease
Attribute poor performance
Genes

A
  • 2x more likely than optimists to develop heart disease
  • Attribute poor performance to their lack of ability (“I can’t do this”) or situations beyond their control (“there’s nothing I can do”)
  • Genetic but can learn to be optimist
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28
Q

Pessimists are ____ more likely than optimists to develop heart disease.

A

2x

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29
Q

Optimism

____ control than pessimist
Physical
Mental
Grades
Relationships
Genetic

A
  • Expect more control than pessimists
  • Less fatigue, fewer coughs, aches, and pains during finals
  • Better moods, stronger immune systems
  • Better grades because they respond to setbacks with a hopeful attitude that they can improve
  • Relationships - more supportive and satisfied
  • Genetic but can learn to be pessimist
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30
Q

Benefits of anger

A
  • Communicates strength and competence
  • Motivates people to be courageous and achieve goals
  • Can be good if you express you are upset in a way that promotes reconciliation
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31
Q

Catharsis

A

The idea that releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges

Can be temporarily calming, but rarely provides full relief
Sometimes can magnify anger (lead to more anger)

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32
Q

How to decrease anger

3 ways

A

Wait
Find healthy distraction (Exercise, reading, talking it through)
Distance yourself

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33
Q

Stressors

3 types

A
  1. Catastrophes
  2. Significant life changes
  3. Daily hassles and Social stress
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34
Q

Approach/approach situations

A
  • Choosing between two good options
  • Least stressful
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35
Q

Avoidance/avoidance situations

A
  • Choosing between two bad options
    Clean bathroom vs doing dishes
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36
Q

Approach/avoidance situations

A
  • Choosing between one good and one bad option
    Choosing to go to game but then you won’t have time for homework
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37
Q

Police Shootings

Effects school
PTSD
Illness

A

Over 300 black men and women were killed by police officers, more than ¼ were unarmed.

When a police shooting happens the grades and GPAs of students of color in that community decrease

Symptoms of PTSD are associated with more contacts with the police

Greater rates of illness in minority populations as a consequence of police shootings

38
Q

Hardiness - Stress

A
  • A sense of commitment (Feel like you’re part of a community) rather than alienation (isolated from others)
  • Sense of control over life rather than powerlessness
  • When people see problems as challenges rather than threats
39
Q

Control - Stress

A

Stress hormone levels rise
Bp inc
Immune responses drop

40
Q

Internal locus of control

Definition
Health effects
Behavior

A

Belief that our behavior/actions make a difference in the world

  • Persevere more
  • Less likely to be obese
  • Lower bp
  • “Free will” Behave more helpfully, learn better, persist, perform better
    People who believe in free will will lead to greater job satisfaction
41
Q

External locus of control

A

Belief that our behavior/actions make a DON’T difference in the world

  • Give up more easily
  • Believe fate controls them
  • More likely to be depressed
  • More likely to have PTSD after a traumatic event

More and more people are becoming external locus of control

42
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Hopelessness people learn when they experience a series of events they were unable to avoid and control

Dogs strapped in harness received shocks. Later when receiving no shocks, didn’t try to run away because they learned helplessness

43
Q

______ of the population will have a psychological disorder in their life

A

1/2

50%

44
Q

_______ of adults suffer from a diagnosable disorder in any given year

A

1/4

25%

45
Q

_______ of children suffer from a diagnosable disorder in any given year

A

1/5

20%

46
Q

Types of stress response systems

A

Fight or flight Walter Cannon

General adaptation syndrome Hans Selye

47
Q

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A

Attack diseases

48
Q

Macrophages

A

Destroy worn-out cells

49
Q

Feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

Happy people are more likely to help others.

50
Q

Social Support and Stress

A

Improves sleep, reduces BP, boosts immune function.
Loneliness: Associated with higher rates of illness, poor sleep, and premature death (45% increase in death rate).
Close relationships lead to longer life expectancy.

51
Q

Facebook and social support

A

Social support on Facebook is linked to declining well-being in young adults.

52
Q

Problem-focused Coping

A

Directly addressing the issue
When there is a sense of control over the situation.

53
Q

Emotion-focused Coping

A

Focusing on emotional relief
When there is no control over the situation.

54
Q

Negative Coping Methods:

A

Withdrawal or isolation from others.

55
Q

Tend-and-befriend

A

Providing and seeking support, especially common in women under stress.

56
Q

Mindfulness Meditation

A

Reduces stress, enhances immune function, and promotes positive mood.

57
Q

Exercise for Stress Coping

A

Aerobic exercise (3-4 times/week for 20-30 minutes) improves heart health, lowers BP, and reduces stress.

Strengthens the heart, improves blood flow, and reduces stress. Adds 7 hours to life for every 1 hour spent exercising.

58
Q

Faith and Religion for Stress

A

Religious participation is associated with better health, fewer hospital visits, and lower stress hormone levels.

59
Q

Impact of Chronic Stress

A

Increases susceptibility to diseases like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

Stressful experiences lead to higher inflammatory responses, which are linked to many health issues, including heart disease and asthma.

Stress affects wound recovery and immune function, especially when caring for someone with a chronic illness.

60
Q

Characteristic of psychological disorders

A

Abnormal - Deviated from norm
Maladaptive - Behavior that is Disruptive
Personal Distress

61
Q

Theoretical Explanations for Why Disorders Occur

4 theories

A

Biopsychosocial Perspective
Diathesis-Stress Model
Medical Model
Thomas Szaz

62
Q

Biopsychosocial Theory for Why Disorders Occur

A

Disorders arise from the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

63
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Proposes that mental disorders are the result of underlying predispositions (diathesis) combined with environmental stressors.

Genes + environ

64
Q

Medical Model for Why Disorders Occur

A

Disorders are viewed as diseases with biological origins, potentially treatable through medication or medical intervention.

65
Q

Thomas Szaz

A

Argued that mental illness is a societal construct and that labeling people as “mentally ill” often reflects societal disapproval rather than a true medical condition.

66
Q

Psychological approach to Why Disorders Occur

A

Psychological disorders are a result of past/present life experiences and the way we think

Experiences + cognitive

67
Q

Sociocultural approach to Why Disorders Occur

Definition
Men vs women
Diff cultures
Only _ disorders occur worldwide _

A

Says to understand disorder you need to understand culture that it is in

Only two disorders occur worldwide: Major depressive disorder, schizophrenia

Symptoms can be diff b/t societies

Some societies have disorders that are not present in other societies
- Windigo is seen in Native Americans where they had a fear to turn into a cannibal monster
- Taijin kyofusho in japan where they have social anxiety about physical appearance and readiness to blush
- Anorexia and bulimia occur mostly in food-abundant western cultures

Psychological disorders more common in men vs women
- Women more likely to have anxiety and depression
- Men more likely to have substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder
- No difference b/t gender in prevalence of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder

68
Q

Psychological disorders more common in men vs women

A
  • Women more likely to have anxiety and depression
  • Men more likely to have substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder
  • No difference b/t gender in prevalence of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder
69
Q

Only two disorders occur worldwide…

A

Major depressive disorder, schizophrenia

70
Q

Interactionist approach Why Disorders Occur

A

Many factors cause mental illness.

71
Q

Vulnerability-stress model

A

Assumes individual dispositions + environmental stressors = Psych disorder

Epigenetic supports this bc shows how a gene may be expressed in one environ but not another

72
Q

________ Americans receive some form of outpatient mental health therapy

A

1/5

20%

73
Q

Historical perspective Treatment Disorders

A

Trephining: Drilled holes in skull to release “spirits” from head
Greeks believed psychological disorders were a result of imbalance in 4 humors.
Insane asylums
St. Mary’s of Bethlehem
End of the 1700s moral therapy movement Philippe Pinel unshackles inmates at an insane asylum. Wanted to talk to people to help with their psychological disorders.
Beginning of a more human approach to treating distressed people

Deinstitutionalization→Inc homelessness and incarceration

74
Q

Psychosurgery

A

Removing sections of brain tissue to try and treat a psychological disorder

Lobotomy as treatment for schizo
Most drastic biomedical intervention bc effects are irreversible

75
Q

Brain stimulation

4 types

A

Electroconvulsive therapy
Transcranial electrical stimulation
Magnetic stimulation
Deep brain stimulation

76
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Using electric shock to induce a seizure and help someone recover from a psychological disorder (usually depression)

Mood boost may not last long
Even though relapses are fewer than after meds or exercise therapy, it still is very common

77
Q

Transcranial electrical stimulation

A

Weaker current
Still effective

78
Q

Magnetic stimulation

A

On wide awake patients over several weeks
Mixed results

79
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

Stimulates neural area in brain that bridges thinking frontal lobe and limbic system

That ares is usually overactive in the brain of depressed people so the current helps calm it

80
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A

Used to treat schizo and other forms of severe thought disorders.
Help positive symptoms (hallucinations, paranoia)
Powerful side effects

81
Q

Antianxiety drugs

A

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
Depress CNS activity

82
Q

Antidepressant drugs

A

Drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD.

Side effects
Take a long time to kick in
Those at risk of suicide→take faster acting antidepressants

83
Q

Only ____ disorders occur worldwide: ____ and ____

A

Only two disorders occur worldwide: Major depressive disorder, schizophrenia

84
Q

____ are often released to help fight viral infections.

A

T lymphocytes

85
Q

Evolutionary anorexia

A

Individuals who are able to survive on lesser amounts of food and thus be more likely to survive during times of famine and scarce resources.

86
Q

The DSM-5 has culturally related features of disorders.

A

False.

87
Q

DSM stands for

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

87
Q
A
88
Q

Counterfactual thinking

A

Mental process of imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that could have happened, but didn’t.

89
Q

Catatonia

A

Abnormal movements, behavior, and speech.

Psych 202 (8 decks)

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