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Psych 202 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three types of research methods

A

Descriptive Methods
Correlation Methods
Experimental Methods

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2
Q

Descriptive Methods

A

Methods that describe behavior

Types:
Case studies
Surveys
Naturalistic observation

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3
Q

Surveys

Some people choose their answers…
____ affeects choices.
3 sub catego

A
  • Some people choose their answers in a socially desirable direction.
  • Wording affects choices.
  • Population, sample, and technique
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4
Q

Population Samples (surveys)

2 types

A

Random sample
- Representative sample

Convenience sample

Sampling Bias (almost always the case)

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5
Q

Random Sample

A

A subset of the population that accurately reflects the characteristics of the whole population.

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6
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Recording the natural behavior of many individuals. Just describes behavior, doesn’t explain it.

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7
Q

Experimental Methods

A

Manipulate factors to discover their effects.
Group assignment

  • Group assignment
  • Variables
  • Quasi-experimental design
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8
Q

Group assignment

A
  • Experimental group
  • Control group
  • Random assignment
  • Single blind
  • Double blind
  • Placebo effect
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9
Q

Random Assignment

A

Randomly assigning participants to experimental vs control groups by chance. Minimizes preexisting differences between the different groups. Helps control confounding variables.

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10
Q

Variables

A

Independent
Dependent
Confounding

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11
Q

Confounding variable

A

A factor other than the dependent that might influence a study’s results. Experiments attempt to control confounding variables.

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12
Q

Quasi-Experimental Design

A

Looking at differences between pre-existent groups.

Ex: Males and females, old people and young people

Taking pre-existent groups and manipulating a variable

Still can’t make statements bc could be a third factor “C”

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13
Q

Internal Validity

A

How well designed the study is. If an experiment was designed well it has internal validity.

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14
Q

External Validity

A

How your experiment applies to the real world. Can it be generalized to the real world? Limited external validity when we’re doing experiments in an artificial environment.

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15
Q

Statistics

A

Making sense of our data

Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Meta-analysis

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16
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Summarize or describe our data

Types:
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability

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17
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Descriptive statistic

Single number to describe data

Mean: Average score
Mode: Most common score
Median: Middle score

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18
Q

Measures of Variability

A

Descriptive statistic

How much statistics vary

  • Range
  • Standard Deviation: How are scores distributed? Higher number=more variability. Lower number=less variability.
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19
Q

Inferential Statistics

A

Allow us to draw conclusions/make claims about causation.

Basic question: What is the likelihood that the observed differences are simply the result of chance?

If the result is rare, p<.05 (if a result happens <5% of the time), we reject the hypothesis of no difference.

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20
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

Research participants respond in a way because they think that’s what the experimenter is looking for. Act in response to the demands of the situation.

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21
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

A phenomenon that occurs when people change their behavior because they are aware they are being observed. Every change led to a temporary increase in productivity.

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22
Q

Selective Attrition

A

When some people are more likely to drop out of a study than others.

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23
Q

Belmont Report

A

States basic ethical guidelines about the conduction of research with human participants

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24
Q

Deception

A

Researchers intentionally mislead or withhold information from participants.

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25
Q

Ethics codes

A

Informed consent
Protection from harm
Confidentiality
Debriefiality

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26
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new neurons

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27
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

Emphasizes human growth potential. Our needs for love and acceptance and our environments either nurture or limit personal growth.

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28
Q

Neurons

A

Basic building block for the nervous system.
~86 billion
Brain produces new neurons

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29
Q

Glial cells

A

Used to support structure in the brain, hold neurons in place, bring nutrients to neurons, remove waste products, and guide and speed up the signals.

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30
Q

Types of neurons

A

Sensory
Motor
Inter

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31
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Afferent neurons

Sends information to the brain

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32
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sends information to the brain

Auditory, touch receptors, etc.

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33
Q

Motor neurons

A

Efferent neurons

Send information away from the CNS

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34
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Send information away from the CNS

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35
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons

  • Communicate within the CNS and process information
  • Largest category of neurons
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36
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty tissue layer that “insulates”, covering axon.
Not all neurons have myelin–long distance neurons have it

  • Myelin sheath degeneration=multiple sclerosis
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37
Q

Multiple sclerosis and neuron

A

Result of the myelin sheath degenerating. Communication to muscles and brain regions slow.

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38
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in between myelin insulation.

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39
Q

Synapse

A

The gap b/t neurons
Neurons DO NOT touch each other

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40
Q

Neuron at rest

A

Resting Potential~ -70MV

The cell is polarized (slightly negative charge)
More anions in cell (Inside is slightly negative)
More cations outside of cell (Outside is slightly positive)

Anions attracted to cations, cations attracted to anions. “Stopped” by a semipermeable membrane.

Ions flow across the cell membrane at different rates

Difference in flow leads to a higher concentration of negatively charged ions inside the cell

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41
Q

Threshold

A

Semipermeable cell membrane become temporarily permeable (Na+ ions rush in, they are attracted to the negative interior)
Brief change in the electrical charge

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42
Q

Electrical changes in the cell trigger the release of…

A

neurotransmitters

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43
Q

All-or-none principle

A

There is an action potential, or there isn’t

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44
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials (PSP)

A

Graded potentials
Increase or Decrease the probability of an action potential (triggered by depolarization) in the receiving cell

Types
Excitatory PSP
Inhibitory PSP

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45
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential

A

Increase the likelihood of a neuron sending a signal.
Depolarizes the neuron (Makes it less negative)

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46
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

A

Decrease the likelihood of a neuron sending a signal.
Hyperpolarizes (Increases polarization)

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47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Process of neural communication with myelin

Membrane covered in myelin
No ion exchange
Electrical signal travels under the surface of the myelin
Size of electrical charge gets smaller
Signal reaches Node of Ranvier
Depolarizes
Action potential regenerated
Goes to next myelin

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48
Q

Repolarization

A

Sodium-potassium pump

49
Q

Re-uptake

A

Presynaptic reabsorbs neurotransmitters

50
Q

Enzymatic deactivation

A

Breaks neurotransmitters apart so they can’t deliver message

51
Q

Acetylcholine

A

(ACh) First neurotransmitter discovered

In body-Involved in muscle and motor activity.
In brain-Learning and attention in the brain

Deterioration of ACh-producing neurons
Alzheimer’s

Substance that altered the frog’s heartbeat (Lowei)

52
Q

Norepinephrine

A

NE

Arousal, wakefulness, alertness
Lack of norepinephrine
Depressed mood

53
Q

Dopamine

A

DA

  • Movement of neural messages in the brain
  • Reward, pleasure, learning
  • Drugs increase dopamine

Too much dopamine
Schizophrenia–Anti-psychosis meds block dopamine to attempt to help with hallucinations

Lack of dopamine
Parkinson’s: Have trouble initiating movement in their brain

54
Q

Serotonin

4 factors

A

5-HT
Sleep, dreams, mood, hunger

Lack of serotonin
Depression–Antidepressants mainly target serotonin

55
Q

GABA

A

Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
Decreasing overall activity in brain, reducing anxiety

Lack of GABA
Seizures, tremors, and insomnia

56
Q

Glutamate

A

Primary excitatory neurotransmitter
Excitatory, memory

Too much Glutamate
Overstimulation of the brain→ Migraines and seizures

57
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural “opiates” the brain produced
Pain control and pleasure
“Runners high”

58
Q

Agonists neural communication

A

Anything that increases communication between nerve cells

  • Stop enzymes from working
  • Use drugs to mimic neurotransmitters
59
Q

Antagonists neural communication

A

Substances that interfere with the communication process

  • Block receptor sites
  • Causing synaptic vesicles to leak neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron so they are less concentrated when they get to the receptors
  • Speed up reuptake process
  • Increase activity in enzymes
60
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Runs through center of our body, body’s decision maker

Includes Brain and Spinal Cord

61
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Gathers information and transmits CNS’s decisions to other body parts

Somatic and Autonomic

62
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that go to senses and muscles (Afferent and efferent neurons)

Sensory and motor neurons

63
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls internal glands and organ muscles.

Sympathetic or parasympathetic
If Sympathetic is on, parasympathetic is off.

64
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of Autonomic nervous system in PNS

Activates

  • Fight or Flight response
  • Expends energy
  • Speeds up HR, raises BP, raises blood sugar, slows digestion
  • Takes blood away from core
65
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of Autonomic nervous system in PNS

Calms

  • Storing/conserving energy
  • Digestion
  • Blood in core
66
Q

Endocrine System

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system.

  • Pituitary gland
    Hormones
67
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • In endocrine system
  • Master gland
  • Controlled by the hypothalamus and secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands.
68
Q

Imaging Techniques - Structural

A

Just size and anatomy

CAT/CT: Like Xray of the brain. For concussion diagnosis.
MRI: More defined than CT. Shows anatomy. Doesn’t involve radiation.

69
Q

Imaging Techniques - Functional

A

EEG: Oldest brain imaging technique. Electrodes or sensors on the scalp pick up electrical activity. Like EKG but for the brain.

PET: Administering a temporarily radioactive isotope (typically radioactive sugar) —>Scan identifies sugar
(Uses sugar because the brain uses sugar to fuel itself, Where the sugar is is where the brain is most active)

70
Q

Imaging Techniques - Functional and structural

A

fMRI: Looks at changes in blood flow and blood oxygen.
More blood in areas where the brain is especially active

71
Q

Hindbrain/Reptilian Brain

A

Directs essential survival functions. Occurs without any conscious effort.

Brainstem structures: Medulla, pons, cerebellum

Breathing, sleeping, arousal, coordination, balance

72
Q

Midbrain/Mammalian Brain

A

Connects hindbrain to forebrain

Controls some motor movement, transmits auditory and visual info, emotions, memory

73
Q

Forbrain/Human Brain/Neocortex

A

Manages complex activities. What makes us human.
Complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities.

74
Q

Medulla

A

Involved in controlling heart rate and respiration.

75
Q

Pons

A

Coordinates movement and controls sleep.

76
Q

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

A

Runs through brainstem and extends into midbrain.

Network of neurons that alerts the brain to stimuli in the environment. It chooses which information is important to arouse the brain to.

77
Q

Cerebellum

A

“Little brain” Processing sensory input, coordination of muscle activities and balance, and nonverbal learning and skill memory.

Works with pons to coordinate voluntary movement.

78
Q

The Structure of the Brain – Midbrain

A

Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Striatum
Superior colliculus - visual relay
Lateral colliculus - auditory relay

79
Q

Limbic System

A

Mostly in the forebrain.
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Thalamus

80
Q

Hypothalamus

A

“Brain within the brain”

Helps with maintenance activities (appetite, drinking, growth hormones, internal temperature (shivering, sweating)) and behaviors, including sexual behavior.

Helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

81
Q

Hippocampus

A

“Rams horn” Involved in memory and putting info into long term memory.

Hippocampus size and function decreases with age

82
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional processing. Aggression and fear.

83
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory control center.

  • Relays signals and connects different parts of the brain together
  • Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
  • Transmits the replies to cerebellum and medulla
84
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

In forebrain

Deep brain structures involved in sub-motor movement

85
Q

The Structure of the Brain - Forebrain

A

Limbic system
Basal ganglia
Cerebral cortex

86
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum.

87
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor behavior, speaking, and executive function.

Motor Cortex: Sends out messages to the body.
- Controls voluntary movements.
- Backwards phenomenon–Areas with precise control (fingers, mouth) occupy the most cortical space.

88
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Skin senses. How we know where our body is in space.
Somatosensory cortex: (Primary sensory area) Receives incoming messages. Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
(Backwards phenomenon–Upside down. Head is at bottom, feet at top. Areas with precise control (lips) occupy the most cortical space.)

89
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

In parietal lobe

(Primary sensory area)

Receives incoming messages.
Registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

Backwards phenomenon–Upside down. Head is at bottom, feet at top. Areas with precise control (lips) occupy the most cortical space.

90
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision information.

91
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Auditory information. Receives information primarily from the opposite ear.

92
Q

Fissures

A

What separates each lobe.

93
Q

Association Areas

A

Where information is combined to make sense of it.

Can’t electrically probe (won’t trigger an observable response)→ cannot neatly map association areas

Found in all 4 lobes

94
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Fibers that connect the left and right hemisphere. All myelinated axons.

95
Q

Contralateral control

Right hemisphere damage…
Left hemisphere damage…

A

Right hemisphere damage—> impacts using left side of the body, sometimes don’t realize we have a left side of the body

Left hemisphere damage—> speech and language problems common, problems using the right side.

96
Q

Sleep Cycles Waves

Awake
Body slows
N1
N2
N3
REM

A

Awake- Beta waves
Body slows to prepare for sleep- Alpha waves
N1 Theta
N2 Sleep spindles and K complex
N3 Delta
REM Beta

97
Q

One sleep cycle is about ___ minutes

A

90

98
Q

N1 Sleep

A

First stage of NREM sleep- Theta waves

Hypnotic jerk: Sensation of falling

99
Q

Sleep cycle

A

N1
N2
N3
N2
REM

100
Q

N2 Sleep

A

~20 min, Sleep spindles and K complex

Sleep spindles: Bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity that aids memory processing

101
Q

N3 Sleep

A

~30 minutes, Large, slow delta waves.

102
Q

REM - sleep cycle

Type of waves
Type of Sleep
EEG
Symptoms

A

Beta waves, Paradoxical sleep
Paradoxical sleep: Essentially paralyzed, can’t move

EEG resembles waking pattern

High heart rate, breathing is rapid and irregular, rapid eye movements, genitals aroused’

103
Q

REM Dreams

A

Can’t act out our dreams because signals from the motor cortex to the body are blocked.

Most dreaming occurs in this stage

People rarely snore during dreams

104
Q

NREM Dreams

A

Vague dreams
Like hallucinations
N1-Fleeting images
N3-Minimal awareness

105
Q

Sleep cycles over the course of one night

A

Spend less time in deep sleep N3 seldom occurs

Spend more time in the REM state

Amount REM steadily increases throughout night

106
Q

Gross National Sleep Debt (William Dement)

A

Weight gain
- Crave carbohydrates when sleep deprived
- Increased ghrelin: Hunger hormone
- Decreased leptin: Hunger-suppressing hormone
- Increased cortisol: Stress hormone that stimulates the body to make fat

Depression

Increased Mortality

107
Q

Reasons why we sleep theories

5 reasons

A

Repair/Restorative theory
Ecological/Circadian Rhythm theory
Consolidation theory
Creativity theory
Physical growth theory

108
Q

Sleep theory - Repair/Restorative theory

A

We sleep because it allows our bodies to “rest and repair”

109
Q

Sleep theory - Ecological/Circadian Rhythm theory

A

Sleep keeps us from hurting ourselves and keeps us out of danger. It’s an evolutionary explanation (For most of history we didn’t have lights/fire).

110
Q

Sleep theory - Consolidation theory

A

Sleep helps us consolidate what we’ve learned during the day. Helps us strengthen neural connections in the brain.

111
Q

Sleep theory - Creativity theory

A

People who are more creative/insightful/problem solvers get more sleep.

112
Q

Sleep theory - Physical growth

A

When in slow wave sleep, the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone.

113
Q

Interpretation of Dreams

5 theories

A

Psychoanalysis view/Freudian Theory/Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

Information processing

Physiological function

Activation-synthesis model

Cognitive development

114
Q

Interpretation of Dreams
- Psychoanalysis view/Freudian Theory/Unconscious wish fulfillment theory

A

Believed it was a time for us to satisfy our unconscious wishes

Believed our unconscious wishes come in dreams as symbols

Manifest content: What’s actually happening in the dream
Latent content: The hidden meaning in the manifest content

Cons: Lacks scientific support and there are many ways to interpret dreams

115
Q

Interpretation of Dreams
- Information processing

A

Dreams facilitate memory storage. They help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our memory.

Cons: Sometimes we dream about things we haven’t experienced yet

116
Q

Interpretation of Dreams
- Physiological function

A

Regular brain stimulus helps preserve and stimulate neural networks in the brain.

Helping keep different networks connected.
Ex: Changes in REM sleep across the lifespan

Cons: Doesn’t explain why we experience meaningful dreams

117
Q

Interpretation of Dreams
- Activation-synthesis model

A

Dreams are random stimuli that the brain makes stories out of

Hobson & McCarley—Dement sprayed water on the hands of sleepers. Many people reported having water in their dreams

118
Q

Interpretation of Dreams
- Cognitive development

A

Problem solving or dreams-for-survival theory

Theory that our dreams simulate problems or threats so we can practice solving them.

Ex: Loewi’s dream that came up with the solution to his work.

Psych 202 (8 decks)

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