Monosaccharides Contd Flashcards
Explain epimers.
Epimers are compounds that differ in configuration around only one specific carbon atom.
Explain enantiomers.
Enantiomeres are isomers found in pairs and structures that are mirror images. e.g. D and L sugars.
A formation of a ring (at the carbon 1of an aldose or at the carbon 2 of a ketose) results in the creation of ____________?
An anomeric carbon.
What is mutarotation?
It’s a process whereby the cyclic ã and ß anomers of sugar solution are equal and interconverted.
How are reducing sugars formed?
If the oxygen on the carbonyl group (c) of a auger is not attached to any other structure, that is a reducing sugar.
Complex carbohydrates are?
Carbohydrates where the CHO is attached by glycosidic bonds to none CHO structures.
Give examples of complex carbohydrates.
- Purines and pyrimidines.
- Aromatic rings.
- Proteins.
- Lipids.
A polysaccharide of animal origin is __________?
Glycogen
A polysaccharide of plant origin is _________?
Starch
Also: amylose and amylopectin.
Glycosidase is produced from …
Hydrolysis of a glycosidic bond.
Briefly explain the digestion of carbohydrates.
Digestion starts primary from the mouth, then the intestinal lumen. There is rapid and complete digestion when the stomach contents reach the duodenum and jejunum. Enzymes degrade most dietary carbohydrates which break down oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Glycosidase degrade the carbohydrate to their reducing sugar components. Carbohydrate digestion stops temporarily in the stomach.
Importance of carbohydrates
—Metabolic/ nutritional
—Structural
—Communication
—Biosynthesis of other compounds
Give the deficiencies of carbohydrates:
√ Some infants and children have disaccharide intolerance that are hereditary.
√ Some persons have different intestinal diseases due to malnutrition or taking drugs with high degradation of disaccharides.
√ Lactose Intolerance: a situation in which a person is less able to metabolize lactose.
Diagnosis of carbohydrate deficiencies.
- Performing oral tolerance with individuals to identity specific enzyme deficiency.
- Measuring the hydrogen gas in breath to determine the amount of ingested CHO not absorbed in the body.
Monosaccharides are…?
Simple sugars with multiple OH groups.
