Monitoring training and game demands part 1 (year 2) Flashcards
Monitoring game Demands: what are the 4 main focuses?
I.D. What is Important for Success
Understand the Characteristics of Performance
Identify Trends
Assess Performance(Individual/Team)
Monitoring game Demands: Understand the Characteristics of Performance: what are the 2 parts?
Preparation
Recovery
Monitoring game Demands: I.D. What is Important for Success: what are the 2 parts?
Key Performance Indicators
Preparation
Monitoring game Demands: Assess Performance(Individual/Team): what are the 4 parts?
Technical/Tactical
Physiological/Psychological Load
Assess Progression/ Transfer of Training
Talent I.D. / Previewing Opposition Plan
Monitoring game Demands: Identify Trends: what are the 3 parts?
Tolerance to Training/Playing Load
Environment, Competition etc.
Reassessing KPIs (Feedback Loop)
Monitoring game Demands: Assess Performance(Individual/Team):Physiological/Psychological Load: what are the 2 parts?
Plan Training
Recovery
Monitoring Training: what are the 4 main factors?
Assess Movement/ Performance
Training Direction (Group/Individual)
Assess Effect of Planning/Interventions
Understand Responses to Training
Monitoring Training: Assess Movement/ Performance: what are the 3 factors?
Technical/Tactical
Athlete Potential
Does it follow plan?: Re-evaluate or In Session Regulation (Live Feedback)
Monitoring Training: Understand Responses to Training: what are the 3 parts?
Adaptation (e.g. Rehab/LTAD)
Attempt to Reduce Risk of Overtraining/Illness/Injury: Load Management
Organisation of Training (Fatigue/Potentiation) : Load Management
Methods of Monitoring Training and Game Demands: External: what are they?
“Objective measures of the work performed by the athlete during training or competition”
Descriptive Statistics - type, time, frequency, volume
Performance Analysis - video, kinematic tracking, time-motion, GPS
Physical Function - power, speed, strength, screening
Methods of Monitoring Training and Game Demands: Internal: what are they?
“The physiological and psychological stimulation/stress imposed”
Heart Rate - during performance, recovery, rest
Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Markers - saliva, blood
Questionnaires - soreness, wellness
Other - Sleep, Cognitive
Descriptive Statistics: what are some examples?
- Score/Performance
- Type of Training
- Sets, Reps, Loads, Volume (e.g. Weight Training)
- Duration of Training
Performance Analysis: what are some examples?
- Notational Analysis
- Video Analysis
- Biomechanics
- Semi-Automated Video Analysis
what does video analysis provide?
a) Establish successful/effective techniques
b) Assess technique/performance
c) Identify and incorporate specific training exercises to enhance performance and/or reduce risk of injury
d) Monitor progression
e) In-session feedback
GPS and PA, what are the benefits?
Identify what does successful performance look like in different scenarios (Attack, Defence, different Formations)
Identify greatest relative distance/instances per time (‘Worst Case Scenarios’)
Neuromuscular function: what are some examples?
- Performance Based Tests e.g. Sprinting, Jumping, Cycling
- Training Markers
- Screening
- Lab based – Isokinetic Dynamometry, EMG etc.
Problems associated with Neuromuscular testing?
~May add to existing fatigue
~Require Maximal Effort
~Difficulty in determining Baseline ‘Maximal’ Effort
~Testing Large Numbers
Neuromuscular Function: Training markers:
Reduces need to ‘test’, relatively simple and provides specific measures to sport.
Means of monitoring intervention effectiveness
Heart rate: appplications?
- Understand and Assess Demands of Performance/Training
- Effect of Intervention/Training Drill
- Assess Readiness to Train/Play, Progression, Return to Play
Heart rate: 1) Heart rate response to exercise: Positives?
“Most common means of assessing internal load”
Based on linear relationship between HR and the rate of oxygen consumption during steady-state exercise
May be used to aid understanding of load during/following training session
Development of measures derived from HR to assess training load
Heart Rate: 1) Heart rate response to exercise: Negatives?
HR monitoring may not be suitable for high-intensity intermittent exercise
Daily variation in HR ~ 6.5% for submaximal HR, controlling for factors such as hydration and environment important
Technical and Scientific expertise required for TRIMP calculation and individual assessment
Heart rate: 2) Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Positives?
Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic = Fight or Flight; Parasympathetic = Regulates physiological rest-and-digest.
During rest and recovery,
~ greater parasympathetic activity is usually associated with a better recovery state and readiness to perform
~ increased sympathetic activity may indicate that training volume/intensity needs to be reduced.
HRV may be a useful indicator of training status/fatigue
Heart rate: 2) Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Negatives?
Changes in autonomic nervous system patterns and an association with overtraining have conflicting findings
Expertise Required to assess findings and how it relates to individual ‘passport’. Large baseline data requirement.
Validity of Commercially Available Technologies??
Heart Rate: 3) Heart Rate Recovery (HRR): positives?
The rate at which HR declines at the cessation of exercise suggested to be a marker of autonomic function and training status in athletes.
Suggested HRR improves with increased training status, remains unchanged when there is no change in training status, and decreases when training status is reduced.
Heart Rate: 3) Heart Rate Recovery (HRR): Negatives?
Issues with HR monitoring as discussed may effect results, in addition to standardising activity, stressors, diet etc.
Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Markers: examples?
•Blood and Saliva Markers(Muscle Damage, Immunity, Metabolic Stress, Hormonal Status)
Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Means of Monitoring Internal Load: different markers?
Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation
e.g. Creatine Kinase (CK) – disruption to cell structure following muscle damage enhances diffusion of soluble enzymes such as CK into interstitial space
Markers of Metabolic Fatigue
e.g. Lactate– measure of metabolic stress – could be used in conjunction with stress test (e.g. cycling)
Markers of Endocrine Status (Hormones)
e. g. Testosterone (T) –is anabolic in nature, critical in the process of muscle cell repair and growth. Testosterone a strong individual predictor of the expression of strength and power qualities
e. g. Cortisol (C)– catabolic in nature, causing increases in protein degradation in muscle and connective tissue, and reductions in muscle protein synthesis.
Markers of Immunity
e.g. ImmunoglobinA (IgA) – antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. Suggested intensified training depresses immune function.
Biochemical Monitoring to Monitor Load and Optimise Training Process/Competition: Venepuncture?
Venepuncture – Venous blood
Assessed exercise induced changes in circulating number of markers of muscle damage (e.g. CK) and endocrine function (e.g. T & C).
Monitoring Training Loads and Responses Using Perceptual Methods: Questionnaires and Diaries and Wellness Questionnaires/App’s
Changes in Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+) correlated with m.min-1, HSm.min-1 and no. of sprints.min-1
Could provide information that other means of monitoring can’t (e.g. illness, soreness, psychological) which may then be followed up.
Monitoring Training Loads and Responses Using Perceptual Methods: Other Methods?
e.g. Sleep – Actigraphy
Research suggests
1) Athletes may have impaired sleep compared to non-athletic controls with large variation between individuals (Leeder et al., 2012)
2) Sleep patterns may be impaired by increases in training (Jurimae et al., 2004)
Sleep monitoring may therefore help understand individual response to training and competition(e.g. Shearer et al., 2015)
External vs. Internal Measures of Load?
External Load e.g. Descriptive, GPS, Power
“Work completed by the athlete, measured independently of his or her internal characteristics.”
Internal Load
“Summation of physiological and psychological stimulation/stress imposed”
“May be that relationship between external and internal load aid in revealing fatigue”
Wearable Technology for Athletes and Big Data?
Wearables a $6bn industry projected to be a $25bn industry as early as 2019.
Competitive wearable market has provided opportunities to collect an almost endless amount of data.
Lack of validity, reliability, concern for problems that may be created by stress of testing, unreliable results and implications from testing
.Big Data
Pressure to deliver systems to predict/prevent injury, enhance physical preparation and ‘out-clever’ rival teams.
Promise of ‘magic bullet’ measures and convincing sales pitches having an influence over peer-reviewed evidence and scientific reasoning.
