Monitoring training and game demands part 1 (year 2)

Question 1

Monitoring game Demands: what are the 4 main focuses?

Answer 1

I.D. What is Important for Success

Understand the Characteristics of Performance

Identify Trends

Assess Performance(Individual/Team)

Question 2

Monitoring game Demands: Understand the Characteristics of Performance: what are the 2 parts?

Answer 2

Preparation

Recovery

Question 3

Monitoring game Demands: I.D. What is Important for Success: what are the 2 parts?

Answer 3

Key Performance Indicators

Preparation

Question 4

Monitoring game Demands: Assess Performance(Individual/Team): what are the 4 parts?

Answer 4

Technical/Tactical

Physiological/Psychological Load

Assess Progression/ Transfer of Training

Talent I.D. / Previewing Opposition Plan

Question 5

Monitoring game Demands: Identify Trends: what are the 3 parts?

Answer 5

Tolerance to Training/Playing Load

Environment, Competition etc.

Reassessing KPIs (Feedback Loop)

Question 6

Monitoring game Demands: Assess Performance(Individual/Team):Physiological/Psychological Load: what are the 2 parts?

Answer 6

Plan Training

Recovery

Question 7

Monitoring Training: what are the 4 main factors?

Answer 7

Assess Movement/ Performance

Training Direction (Group/Individual)

Assess Effect of Planning/Interventions

Understand Responses to Training

Question 8

Monitoring Training: Assess Movement/ Performance: what are the 3 factors?

Answer 8

Technical/Tactical

Athlete Potential

Does it follow plan?: Re-evaluate or In Session Regulation (Live Feedback)

Question 9

Monitoring Training: Understand Responses to Training: what are the 3 parts?

Answer 9

Adaptation (e.g. Rehab/LTAD)

Attempt to Reduce Risk of Overtraining/Illness/Injury: Load Management

Organisation of Training (Fatigue/Potentiation) : Load Management

Question 10

Methods of Monitoring Training and Game Demands: External: what are they?

Answer 10

“Objective measures of the work performed by the athlete during training or competition”

Descriptive Statistics - type, time, frequency, volume

Performance Analysis - video, kinematic tracking, time-motion, GPS

Physical Function - power, speed, strength, screening

Question 11

Methods of Monitoring Training and Game Demands: Internal: what are they?

Answer 11

“The physiological and psychological stimulation/stress imposed”

Heart Rate - during performance, recovery, rest

Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Markers - saliva, blood

Questionnaires - soreness, wellness

Other - Sleep, Cognitive

Question 12

Descriptive Statistics: what are some examples?

Answer 12

• Score/Performance
• Type of Training
• Sets, Reps, Loads, Volume (e.g. Weight Training)
• Duration of Training

Question 13

Performance Analysis: what are some examples?

Answer 13

• Notational Analysis
• Video Analysis
• Biomechanics
• Semi-Automated Video Analysis

Question 14

what does video analysis provide?

Answer 14

a) Establish successful/effective techniques
b) Assess technique/performance
c) Identify and incorporate specific training exercises to enhance performance and/or reduce risk of injury
d) Monitor progression
e) In-session feedback

Question 15

GPS and PA, what are the benefits?

Answer 15

Identify what does successful performance look like in different scenarios (Attack, Defence, different Formations)

Identify greatest relative distance/instances per time (‘Worst Case Scenarios’)

Question 16

Neuromuscular function: what are some examples?

Answer 16

• Performance Based Tests e.g. Sprinting, Jumping, Cycling
• Training Markers
• Screening
• Lab based – Isokinetic Dynamometry, EMG etc.

Question 17

Problems associated with Neuromuscular testing?

Answer 17

~May add to existing fatigue

~Require Maximal Effort

~Difficulty in determining Baseline ‘Maximal’ Effort

~Testing Large Numbers

Question 18

Neuromuscular Function: Training markers:

Answer 18

Reduces need to ‘test’, relatively simple and provides specific measures to sport.

Means of monitoring intervention effectiveness

Question 19

Heart rate: appplications?

Answer 19

• Understand and Assess Demands of Performance/Training
• Effect of Intervention/Training Drill
• Assess Readiness to Train/Play, Progression, Return to Play

Question 20

Heart rate: 1) Heart rate response to exercise: Positives?

Answer 20

“Most common means of assessing internal load”

Based on linear relationship between HR and the rate of oxygen consumption during steady-state exercise

May be used to aid understanding of load during/following training session

Development of measures derived from HR to assess training load

Question 21

Heart Rate: 1) Heart rate response to exercise: Negatives?

Answer 21

HR monitoring may not be suitable for high-intensity intermittent exercise

Daily variation in HR ~ 6.5% for submaximal HR, controlling for factors such as hydration and environment important

Technical and Scientific expertise required for TRIMP calculation and individual assessment

Question 22

Heart rate: 2) Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Positives?

Answer 22

Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic = Fight or Flight; Parasympathetic = Regulates physiological rest-and-digest.

During rest and recovery,
~ greater parasympathetic activity is usually associated with a better recovery state and readiness to perform
~ increased sympathetic activity may indicate that training volume/intensity needs to be reduced.

HRV may be a useful indicator of training status/fatigue

Question 23

Heart rate: 2) Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Negatives?

Answer 23

Changes in autonomic nervous system patterns and an association with overtraining have conflicting findings

Expertise Required to assess findings and how it relates to individual ‘passport’. Large baseline data requirement.

Validity of Commercially Available Technologies??

Question 24

Heart Rate: 3) Heart Rate Recovery (HRR): positives?

Answer 24

The rate at which HR declines at the cessation of exercise suggested to be a marker of autonomic function and training status in athletes.

Suggested HRR improves with increased training status, remains unchanged when there is no change in training status, and decreases when training status is reduced.

Question 25

Heart Rate: 3) Heart Rate Recovery (HRR): Negatives?

Answer 25

Issues with HR monitoring as discussed may effect results, in addition to standardising activity, stressors, diet etc.

Question 26

Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Markers: examples?

Answer 26

•Blood and Saliva Markers(Muscle Damage, Immunity, Metabolic Stress, Hormonal Status)

Question 27

Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Means of Monitoring Internal Load: different markers?

Answer 27

Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation

e.g. Creatine Kinase (CK) – disruption to cell structure following muscle damage enhances diffusion of soluble enzymes such as CK into interstitial space

Markers of Metabolic Fatigue

e.g. Lactate– measure of metabolic stress – could be used in conjunction with stress test (e.g. cycling)

Markers of Endocrine Status (Hormones)

e. g. Testosterone (T) –is anabolic in nature, critical in the process of muscle cell repair and growth. Testosterone a strong individual predictor of the expression of strength and power qualities
e. g. Cortisol (C)– catabolic in nature, causing increases in protein degradation in muscle and connective tissue, and reductions in muscle protein synthesis.

Markers of Immunity

e.g. ImmunoglobinA (IgA) – antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. Suggested intensified training depresses immune function.

Question 28

Biochemical Monitoring to Monitor Load and Optimise Training Process/Competition: Venepuncture?

Answer 28

Venepuncture – Venous blood

Assessed exercise induced changes in circulating number of markers of muscle damage (e.g. CK) and endocrine function (e.g. T & C).

Question 29

Monitoring Training Loads and Responses Using Perceptual Methods: Questionnaires and Diaries and Wellness Questionnaires/App’s

Answer 29

Changes in Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+) correlated with m.min-1, HSm.min-1 and no. of sprints.min-1

Could provide information that other means of monitoring can’t (e.g. illness, soreness, psychological) which may then be followed up.

Question 30

Monitoring Training Loads and Responses Using Perceptual Methods: Other Methods?

Answer 30

e.g. Sleep – Actigraphy

Research suggests

1) Athletes may have impaired sleep compared to non-athletic controls with large variation between individuals (Leeder et al., 2012)
2) Sleep patterns may be impaired by increases in training (Jurimae et al., 2004)

Sleep monitoring may therefore help understand individual response to training and competition(e.g. Shearer et al., 2015)

Question 31

External vs. Internal Measures of Load?

Answer 31

External Load e.g. Descriptive, GPS, Power
“Work completed by the athlete, measured independently of his or her internal characteristics.”

Internal Load
“Summation of physiological and psychological stimulation/stress imposed”

“May be that relationship between external and internal load aid in revealing fatigue”

Question 32

Wearable Technology for Athletes and Big Data?

Answer 32

Wearables a $6bn industry projected to be a $25bn industry as early as 2019.

Competitive wearable market has provided opportunities to collect an almost endless amount of data.

Lack of validity, reliability, concern for problems that may be created by stress of testing, unreliable results and implications from testing

.Big Data

Pressure to deliver systems to predict/prevent injury, enhance physical preparation and ‘out-clever’ rival teams.

Promise of ‘magic bullet’ measures and convincing sales pitches having an influence over peer-reviewed evidence and scientific reasoning.