Monitoring, Mitigation And Adaptation Of Volcanoes

Question 1

Monitoring strategies

Answer 1

• thermal monitoring

- mass movement and mass faliure

Question 2

What is thermal monitoring?

Answer 2

This is where the groundwater that is heated by magma is measured from extrusive features such as Geysers and hot springs. They are measured using hydrological equipment.

Question 3

Evaluation of thermal monitoring

Answer 3

• any anomalies from normal result could indicate volcanic activity - quite useful
• however, some anomalies may be a one off.

Question 4

Monitoring - mass movement and mass faliures

Answer 4

This is where landslides, rockfall, pyroclastic flows (lahars) are measured before, during and after a volcanic explosion.
- shows evidence of past evidence

Question 5

Evaluation of mass movement and mass faliure

Answer 5

• effective as it can help outline areas that can be avoided when planning buildings - long term response
• helpful as it shows places lava could potentially flow to evacuate areas

Question 6

What are the two methods of mitigation?

Answer 6

• Diverting lava flows

- land use zoning

Question 7

Description of diverting lava flows

Answer 7

• building barriers where lava could potentially flow

- digging channels to try to divert flows into safer directions

Question 8

Example of diverting lava flows

Answer 8

Mt Etna, Italy 1983

Question 9

Evaluation of diverting lava flows

Answer 9

• hard to predict: knowing where to build walls or dig channels
• terrain has to be suitable: downward slope makes diversion of lava easier
• stopping lava and pushing it away, may put people at risk as the lava may flow towards another village/town/city

Question 10

Description of land use zoning

Answer 10

This is where local government planners regulate how land in a community may be used

• decide settlements
• relocate settlers

Question 11

Example of land use zoning

Answer 11

Mt Taranki, New Zealand

Question 12

Evaluation/effectiveness of land use zoning

Answer 12

• any settlement is limited - if they allowed to settle - sometimes lava flows in unexpected directions
• communities would have to be relocated out of volcanic zones - may cause a bit of a stir

Question 13

What are the two adaptation methods we have chosen?

Answer 13

• crisis mapping

- high tech monitoring

Question 14

Crisis mapping - description

Answer 14

• Where people in crisis situations put up a help message on social media or by text
• This is mapped
• then they go and carpe diem their map

Question 15

Example of crisis mapping

Answer 15

• Nepal 2015

- Haiti 2010

Question 16

Evaluation of crisis mapping

Answer 16

• great as it saves a lot of lives; work load can be distributed and again it saves lives
• however, if they pay attention to just these specific zones they may be neglecting areas where there are other people in need of saving.

Question 17

High tech monitoring - description

Answer 17

Technological monitoring systems for volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis - allows scientists and others to learn more about natural processes - eventually being able to predict them more accurately in advance

Question 18

Examples of high tech monitoring

Answer 18

• GIS
• Early warning systems
• satellite communication technologies
• mobile-phone technology