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Mometrix - ONCO NURSING PRACTICE (SCIENTIFIC BASIS) Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells in certain tissue

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2
Q

Metaplasia

A

when one type of cell is interchanged with another within specific tissue

ex: a response to chronic damage on the cell

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3
Q

Dysplasia

A

changes in normal cell characteristics

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4
Q

Anaplasia

A

used to explain cancer cells

certain cells have the same characteristics that are seen in cancer cells

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5
Q

Angiogenesis

A

tumor forming blood vessels to help the cancer survive and grow

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6
Q

“Initiation” phase of cancer development

A

Process when cancer causing agents enter the body, and the body tries to fix the damage. The cell either is fixed and continues normal replication or the DNA is changed and goes on to replicate cancer cells

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7
Q

“Promotion” phase of cancer development

A

When the body is repeatedly exposed to cancer causing agents and the likelihood of cancer cells being produced increases

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8
Q

“Progression” phase of cancer development

A

when cancer cells begin to outnumber the normal healthy cells d/t continued replication

the body can no longer repair the damage done to DNA

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9
Q

Pleomorphism

A

cells are different dimensions and forms

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10
Q

Polymorphism

A

ability of the cell’s nucleus to expand and change form

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11
Q

Hyperchromatism

A

when chromatin within the cell’s nucleus is seen clearly when staining is done for studies

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12
Q

Aneuploidy

A

atypical amount of chromosomes

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13
Q

Gompertzian Growth

A

rapid tumor growth early on, but then growth slows down as the tumor enlarges

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14
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

genes that play a role in normal cell growth and division

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15
Q

Nonspecific / Innate Immunity

A

skin, mucous membranes, epithelial lining, flushing action of urine

physical barriers, chemical barriers, and inflammatory response

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16
Q

Specific / Adaptive Immunity

A

the immune’s response to an invader or antigen that is recognized by the body

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17
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

specific immune cells and memory cells

each B lymphocytes recognizes only one type of antigen

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18
Q

Memory B cell

A

B cell that is capable of remembering a particular antigen for future encounters

stores information to recognize and produce antibodies if encountered again

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19
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A

activation of immune cells (T lymphocytes) to fight against pathogens (virus, bacteria, and parasites)

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20
Q

Primary Lymph Organs

A

responsible for the development of lymphocytes

bone marrow and thymus

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21
Q

Secondary Lymph Organs

A

sites where antigens are captured, processed, and removed

lymph nodes, spleen, BM, lymph tissue, and the brain

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22
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

formed from lymph tissue and are responsible for activating T cells

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23
Q

type of T Cells

A

migrate to thymus to mature into T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, T regulatory cells, or memory T cells

24
Q

T helper cell (Th)

A

secrete cytokines that help activate and immune response to create mature B cells and activates cytotoxic T cells

CD4+ T cell

25
Cytotoxic T cell (Tc)
destroy viral infections and plays a role in autoimmunity and allogenic organ rejection induces apoptosis in foreign cells CD8+ T cell
26
T regulatory cell (Tregs)
also known as suppressor T cells suppress autoreactive T cells against self, called immune tolerance Th and Treg cells maintain immunologic homeostasis
27
Memory T cell
induce secondary cell-mediated response T memory cell recognizes a pathogen, then goes to attack it
28
Lymphocytes
include B cells - formed in BM and T cells - formed in thymus
29
Basophils
stimulate an allergic run where there is tissue injury
30
Mast Cells
granulocytes that stimulate an immune response to cause an inflammatory run where there are foreign cells or damage
31
Mucosal Mast Cell
mast cells that are located in organs called this d/t location
32
Natural Killer Cell
develops in the bone marrow large cell that releases cytokines and migrates to inflammation site to directly kill infected cells without previous exposure fast recognition and response
33
Lymphokine-activated Cell
effective at destroying foreign cells and do not need to be activated by the immune system needs to be in direct contact with foreign cell to be activated
34
Null Cells
NK cells and Lymphokine-activated cells
35
Complement System Functions (4)
agglutination precipitation opsonization cell lysis
36
Agglutination
clumping together of multiple large particles with antigens of their surface
37
Precipitation
a large antigen and antibody complex that are insoluble and precipitate
38
Opsonization
phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes when products of the complement cascade interact with neutrophils and macrophages
39
Cell Lysis
destruction of targeted pathogens
40
Cytokine
a large variety of proteins secreted by immune cells to assist with cell to cell signaling during different immune response
41
Interferone
activated in response to viral invasions within the body these are released early after exposure
42
Interleukins
proteins that are created by T cells to regulate immune and inflammatory responses of the body
43
Hematopoietic Growth Factor
or "colony stimulating factors" that organize or lead cell reproduction
44
Tumor Necrosis Factor
activated in response to inflammation and actions that lead to cell death
45
Chemokines
produced by WBC and work to direct WBC through the body in response to antigens
46
Frameshift Mutation
protein that has been modified because at lease one base is added to deleted
47
Missense Mutation
when an amino acid is replaced by a different amino acid within a protein
48
Nonsense Mutation
told to stop making a protein - this causes the protein to be incomplete and can't function normally
49
RNA-negative Mutation
proteins that do not have RNA d/t an error in duplication
50
Splicing
when bad DNA is preserved or good DNA is taken out
51
Polymorphisms
dose not cause visible changes in a person, only causes alterations in DNA sequence
52
Phase 1 Clinical Trial
focus on pt safety and determining tolerable maximum dose works to establish an effective drug administration schedule
53
Phase 2 Clinical Trial
preliminary data on drug effectiveness tumor response rates
54
Phase 3 Clinical Trial
overall benefit vs risk of drug comparing new tx effectiveness to current tx options
55
Phase 4 Clinical Trial
approved by the FDA for marketing purposes refining protocol to determine optimal tx long term effects of new tx
56
Well-differentiated cell
looks like normal cells these type of cancer cells grow and spread more slowly
57
Undifferentiated cell
look abnormal and associated w poor prognosis

OCN (9 decks)

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