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1. Immunology > Molecules Produced by the Immune System > Flashcards

Molecules Produced by the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

List the three leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm.

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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2
Q

What do neutrophil granules contain?

5

A

Defensins

Lysozyme

Myeloperoxidase

NADPH

Oxidase

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3
Q

What do the chemicals present in neutrophil granules do?

2

A

They kill bacteria by lysis of their cell walls

They also kill bacteria by producing reactive oxygen species

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4
Q

Comment on the granules in both eosinophils and basophils.

A

They contain toxic granules that are released from the cell

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5
Q

List some of the chemicals present in the granules of eosinophils and basophils.
(7)

A

Enzymes

Reactive oxygen species

Leukotrienes

Prostaglandins

Cytokines

Histamine

Heparin

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6
Q

What is leukotrienes?

A

It is a pro-inflammatory molecule

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7
Q

What is prostaglandins?

A

Its a pro-inflammatory molecule

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8
Q

What does histamine do?

A

It causes vasodilation and smooth muscle contraction (it causes inflammation)

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9
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Its an anti-coagulant that causes tissues to swell

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10
Q

What do eosinophils release their granules in response to?

A

Large, extracellular invaders like parasites

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11
Q

Where do cytokines get their name?

3

A

‘Cyt’ meaning cell

‘kine’ coming from kinesis - i.e. moving

They were named first because they were though to encourage white cells to move

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12
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are protein molecules secreted by cells of the immune system

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13
Q

How do cytokines work?

A

They bind to receptors on the target cells and initiate signalling cascades that ultimately alters gene expression

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14
Q

Give four effects that cytokines can have.

A

Proliferation

Differentiation

Activation

Secretion

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15
Q

What is the main difference between cytokines and hormones?

A

Hormones are usually made by an organ while cytokines can be made by many different immune cells

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16
Q

Explain how cytokines can work in an autocrine factor.

A

The cells can produce the cytokine it is affected by

17
Q

Explain cytokines using Type 1 interferons as an example.

4

A

Virus infected cell

Infected cell releases interferon

Interferon binds to nearby cells

Cells stimulated by interferon make antiviral proteins that prevent viral replication

18
Q

What is an interleukin?

A

A cytokine from one white blood cell to another white blood cell

19
Q

What does interleukin 1 do?

A

It can tell your brain to increase body temperature and to cause inflammation

20
Q

List the four things interferon causes in the target cell.

A

Cells activate factors that interfere with viral replication

Cells produce RNase enzymes

Cells downregulate protein translation

Cells upregulate pro-apoptotic proteins

21
Q

What is a cytokine storm?

A

When way too many cytokines are produced in response to infection

22
Q

Where do interferons get their name?

A

They were named as they were first known to interfere with viruses

23
Q

What happens when cells upregulate pro-apoptotic proteins?

A

Apoptosis occurs

Organised/planned death

24
Q

What are complement proteins?

5

A

A collection of over 30 proteins found in the bloodstream

Produced during inflammation

Some cause opsonization

Some cause lysis

Some cause inflammation

25
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

4

A

Most produced in the liver

Monocytes

Macrophages

Epithelial cells

26
Q

What are the three functions of complement proteins?

A

Opsonization

Inflammation

Lysis

27
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The marking of pathogens for uptake by phagocytes

28
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Activated complement proteins cause swelling, vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle and degranulation of basophils and mast cells

29
Q

How are complement proteins used in inflammation?

3

A

Mast cells release their granules to fight infection

Activated complement components bind to receptors on mast cells and basophils

This causes them to release chemicals including histamine (degranulation)

30
Q

What is the endpoint of complement activation?

A

The formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC)

31
Q

What does MAC stand for?

A

Membrane attack complex

32
Q

What does the membrane attack complex do?

3

A

It makes a pore in the bacterial surface

this allows water to enter the cell

The combination of multiple pores formed and the stress of water influx causes the cell to lyse

33
Q

What type of cells produce inflammatory granules?

3

A

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

34
Q

What type of cells produce type 1 interferons?

A

All nucleated cells infected with viruses

35
Q

What type of cells produce complement?

3

A

Hepatocytes

Macrophages

Epithelial cells

1. Immunology (9 decks)

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