Easily Forgotten Pieces of Information Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when a T cell becomes activated

A

Colonial Expansion

Some activated T-cells are formed

Some memory cells are formed

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2
Q

What CD number is expressed by killer T cells?

A

CD8

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3
Q

What CD number is expressed by helper T cells?

A

CD4

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4
Q

CD 4 cells produce cytokines: what do these do?

5

A

Activate macrophages

Activate killer T cells

Cause activation of B-cells

Cause antibody class switching (IgM to other type other than D)

Activate eosinophils

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5
Q

How do CD4 cells (helper T cells) activate other cells?

A

They secrete cytokines

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6
Q

What are the four ways antibodies deal with antigens?

A

Precipitation/agglutination

Lysis

Neutralisation

Opsonisation

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7
Q

How do antibodies being about lysis?

A

Antibodies bind to bacterium which activated complement system - forms MAC

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8
Q

How do antibodies interfere with viruses?

A

They can interfere with viral entry into host cell

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9
Q

How exactly do antibodies act as opsins?

3

A

Antibodies bind to pathogens

A phagocyte has antibody receptors which bind to the pathogen

Phagocyte phagocytoses the cell

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10
Q

What are the two ways of classifying immunity in separate ways?

A

Natural or artificial

Active or passive

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11
Q

What are the four types of immunity?

A

Natural active
Artificial active
Natural passive
Artificial passive

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12
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid balance
Fat absorption
Defence

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13
Q

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

4

A

Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymphatic tissue
Lymphoid organs

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14
Q

What makes up the lymph vessels?

A

Lymphatic capillaries
Lymph collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts

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15
Q

What factors promote lymph flow?

4

A

Active skeletal muscles
Active skeletal muscles

Respiratory pump - pressure changes in the thorax during breathing

Pulsations of nearby arteries

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions in the walls of the lymphatic trunks & thoracic duct

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16
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid tissue?

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Lymphoid follicles

17
Q

Describe the structure of the thymus.

5

A

Flat, bi-lobed organ situated above the heart

Lobes surrounded by a capsule and divided into lobules which are separated by trabeculae (ct)

Lobule has a cortex and medulla

Cortex = densely packed with thymocytes

Medulla = sparsely populated with mature cells

18
Q

What happens in bone marrow?

A

B cell maturation

Immature B cells proliferate and differentiate here

19
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs.

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Tonsils

Appendix

20
Q

Write a note on lymph node function

3

A

Filter lymph – Antigens that enter tissue spaces are trapped in lymph nodes

Reticular fibres support the resident dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes

Receive lymph from afferent lymphatic vessels and drain from efferent
lymphatic vessel

21
Q

Write a note on lymph node structure.

A

Cortex

Paracortex

Medulla

22
Q

Describe a lymph node cortex.

4

A

Outermost layer

Has a subcapsular sinus

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Lymphatic follicles - mainly B cells - primary and secondary

23
Q

Describe a lymph node paracortex.

3

A

Beneath the cortex

Populated largely by T cells

Initial T & B cell activation occurs here

24
Q

Describe a lymph node medulla.

A

Innermost layer

Medullary cords (diffuse lymphatic tissue – many plasma cells)

25
List the secondary lymphoid organs. | 3
Spleen Tonsils Peyer's patches
26
What are the three characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
Produced target-specific receptors e.g. antibodies and T-cell receptors Memory Improvement upon re-exposure
27
What does lysozyme do exactly?
It attacks the cell walls of bacteria especially gram +
28
What are the physical barriers of the body?
Skin and mucosae
29
What are the physiological mechanisms of the innate immune system? (5)
Body fluids which can wash away pathogens pH Body temperature Commensals Proteins such as lysozyme
30
What cells are phagocytes? | 5
``` Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocyte Dendritic Cell Macrophage ```
31
What cells are antigen presenters? | 3
Monocyte Dendritic Cell Macrophage
32
List some ways the phagolysosome kills pathogens. | 6
Acidification Toxic oxygen-derived products e.g. hydrogen peroxide Toxic nitrogen oxides e.g. nitric oxide Antimicrobial peptides e.g. defensins Enzymes -> lysosome (cell wall) Competitors ->lactoferrin binds iron
33
What two things can be used as opsins?
Activated complement components (innate system) Antibodies (adaptive immune system)
34
Name a pro-inflammatory molecule.
Prostaglandins
35
How do interferons (cytokines) interfere with virus infected cells? (4)
Cells activate factors that interfere with viral replication Cells produce RNase enzymes Cells downregulate protein translation Cells upregulate pro-apoptotic proteins
36
What can activate complement?
Antigen-antibody complexes Pathogens themselves
37
How does complement cause inflammation?
It causes swelling Vascular permeability Contraction of smooth muscle Degranulation of basophils and mast cells