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1. Immunology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Define immunology.

A

The study of our protection from invading foreign organisms and our responses to them

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2
Q

Define an antigen

A

An antigen is a molecule that provokes the production of antibodies by your immune system

An antibody generating compound

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3
Q

Define autoimmunity.

A

Where the immune system malfunctions and attacks the patient’s own cells and tissues

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4
Q

Define innate immunity

A

Response is exactly the same every time you are exposed to that pathogen

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5
Q

Define adaptive immunity

A

Response develops to an infection and adapts to recognise, eliminate and remember that specific pathogen

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6
Q

What are polymorphonuclear granulocyte?

A

Granulocytes with multi-lobed nuclei

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7
Q

What is haematoxylin?

A

A basic dye that stains acidic structure blue/purple

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8
Q

What is eosin?

A

An acidic dye that stains basic structures in the cytoplasm red/pink

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9
Q

Define phagocytosis.

A

The engulfment and destruction of microorganisms

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10
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

B cells that have become able to excrete antibodies

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11
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Cells that are a specialised type of lymphocyte that attack and kill virus-infected as well as cancerous cells

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12
Q

What are CD molecules?

A

Clusters of differentiation molecules

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13
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A mechanisms by which cells can “drink” liquid from outside

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14
Q

What is opsonisation?

2

A

The process by which components of the immune system found in the serum make the target more attractive for phagocytes

Opsonins = Activated complement components or antibodies

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15
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Y-shaped protein molecules produced by B cells that can identify and neutralise pathogens

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16
Q

What are cytokines?

2

A

Protein molecules that are secreted by cells of the immune system

They bind to receptors on the target cells and initiate signalling cascades that ultimately alters gene expression

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17
Q

What is complement?

2

A

A collection of over 30 proteins found in the bloodstream

Opsonisation, inflammation, lysis (MAC)

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18
Q

What is MAC?

2

A

Membrane attack complex

Makes a pore in the bacterial surface which causes the cell to swell and burst

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19
Q

What is interleukin 6?

2

A

A cytokine

It induces the liver to synthesis acute phase proteins including complement proteins

20
Q

What is interleukin 1?

2

A

A cytokine -> released by wbcs in response to pathogen exposure

It acts upon the hypothalamus to bring about an increase in body temperature (fever)

21
Q

What are type I interferons?

4

A

A cytokine

Interferons are released by a virus infected cell

Interferons bind to nearby healthy cell

Interferons stimulate healthy cell to make antiviral proteins that prevent viral replication

22
Q

What is an allergy?

A

An inappropriate immune response

23
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells which respond to tissue damage or products of the immune system and release multiple factors including histamine

24
Q

What is extravasion?

A

Endothelial cells upregulate expression of “adhesion molecules” that allow white blood cells to stick and cross over into tissue

25
Q

What is maturing in terms of lymphocytes?

A

The process by white lymphocytes make a receptor

26
Q

What are immature lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes without a receptor

27
Q

What are naive lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes which have a receptor

28
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

3

A

Cells which phagocytose pathogens, kill them and chop them up into parts

They then display fragments of pathogen on proteins on their cell surface

If peptide bind to T cell receptor then the cells becomes activated

29
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

30
Q

What is a TLR?

A

Toll Like Receptor

Receptor that detects PAMS such as LPS and instruct APC to present antigens to T-cells

31
Q

What do CD8 cells do?

A

Killer T cells

Kill virus infected or tumour cells

32
Q

What are CD4 cells?

4

A

Helper T cells

Produce cytokines:
Activate B cells, macrophages, eosinophils. CD8 cells

33
Q

What are antibodies?

2

A

Specific immune proteins synthesized and released by plasma cells (activated-B cells)

Soluble versions of the B cell receptor

34
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Where you have been exposed to the pathogen

35
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Where you have been vaccinated

36
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Where your immune response has been necessary

Antigen presentation, T-cell activation, B-cell activatin

37
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Where you have been given pre-formed antibodies

38
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system consists of a complex network of specialised cells and organs designed to protect and defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders such as
bacteria and viruses

39
Q

What is lymph?

A

Plasma seeps through capillaries into the surrounding tissue (interstitial fluid)

The remaining fluid not returned to blood is lymph

40
Q

What are lymphoid follicles?

3

A

Solid, packed, spherical clusters of lymphoid cells & reticular tissue

Often have lighter-staining centres, germinal centres (GCs) – B cells
predominate

Often found as parts of larger lymphoid organs

41
Q

What are primary follicles?

A

They contain small resting B-cells and follicular dendritic cells

42
Q

What are secondary follicles?

A

Rings of packed B cells surrounding germinal centres where B-cell proliferation is occurring (reproduction)

43
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Where lymphocyte maturation occurs

44
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Organs that increase the chances that a lymphocyte will encounter it’s antigen

45
Q

What are lymph nodes?

2

A

Encapsulated, bean-shaped structures

Clustered at junctions of lymphatic vessels

1. Immunology (9 decks)

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