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1. Immunology > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system composed of?

A

Cells

Tissues

Organs

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2
Q

Where can cells of the innate immune system be found?

A

In the blood or in tissues

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3
Q

What are the two main types of blood cells?

A

Red and white blood cells

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4
Q

What is the scientific name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is the scientific name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

What does whole blood consist of?

2

A

Plasma

Formed elements

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7
Q

What are the formed elements that make up whole blood?

A

Platelets

White blood cells

Red blood cells

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8
Q

Name the five different types of white blood cells.

A

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

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9
Q

List the white blood cells that make up the innate immune system.
(6)

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Dendritic cells

Natural killer cells

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10
Q

What whit blood cells make up the adaptive immune system?

A

Lymphocytes - B and T

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11
Q

List the three granulocytes - granular wbcs.

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

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12
Q

List the agranulocytes - agranular wbcs.

4

A

Monocytes

Dendritic cells

Natural killer cells

Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What are polymorphonuclear granulocytes?

A

Granulocytes with multi-lobed nuclei

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14
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

The formation of blood cells

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15
Q

What cells mature in the marrow?

3

A

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

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16
Q

What is the most commonly used cell staining technique?

A

H&E staining

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17
Q

What does the H&E stand for?

A

Haematoxylin and eosin

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18
Q

What is haematoxylin?

A

Basic dye that stains acidic structures blue/purple

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19
Q

What is eosin?

A

An acidic dye that stains basic structures in the cytoplasm red/pink

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20
Q

Which part of the H&E stain dyes blue/purple?

A

Haematoxylin

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21
Q

Which part of the H&E stain dyes red/pink?

A

Eosin

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22
Q

How do neutrophils stain with H&E?

A

They don’t take up either H or E -> they are neutral

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23
Q

Write a note on neutrophils.

8

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocyte

3-5 lobes

Phagocytic

Most abundant immune cell type in the body

Slightly bigger than rbcs

They make puss yellow - involved in puss formation

Usually the first to arrive at an infection site

Most abundant immune cell - make up 50-70% of all leucocytes

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24
Q

What leukocyte is the most abundant?

A

Neutrophils

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25
Q

What are the main roles of neutrophils?

2

A

Phagocytosis - engulfing bacteria

Formation of NETs

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26
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

50-70% of leukocytes

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27
Q

How can neutrophils indicate infection?

A

Yellow pus - sputum - indicates infection - as neutrophils are what gives pus this yellow colour

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28
Q

What are NETs?

2

A

Neutrophil extracellular traps

Sticky webs released by neutrophils to capture bacteria

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29
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The engulfment and destruction of microorganism

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30
Q

How can you tell someone’s sex by looking at their neutrophils?
(2)

A

A “Barr-body” can be seen in a females neutrophils

This is part of one of the two unused X chromosomes in females

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31
Q

Write a note on eosinophils.

6

A

polymorphonuclear granulocytes

2-3 lobed nucleus

Slightly larger than neutrophils - so they can fight parasites

Indicators of a parasitic infection

Indicator of allergies

Capable of phagocytosis (can only take in one or two bacterial cells while neutrophils can take in many)

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32
Q

How many lobes do eosinophils have?

A

2-3 lobes

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33
Q

How do eosinophils stain with H&E?

A

Their granules are strongly stained with eosin

34
Q

How do eosinophils fight parasites?

A

Eosinophils contain toxins in their granules which are released when a parasite is near

35
Q

What does high levels of eosinophils indicate?

2

A

Parasitic infection

Allergies

36
Q

Write a note on basophils.

6

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

2-3 lobed nucleus

Affinity for haematoxylin/basic dyes

Function unknown

Circulate in blood

Release chemicals that enhance inflammation (including histamine)

Contain heparin, an anticoagulant

37
Q

How many lobes do basophils have?

A

2-3 lobes

38
Q

How do basophils dye with H&E?

A

Dyed with haematoxylin

39
Q

What do basophils do?

2

A

Release chemicals that enhance inflammation (including histamine)

They contain heparin (anticoagulant)

40
Q

What coagulant is found in basophils?

A

Heparin

41
Q

Write a note on monocytes.

7

A

Found in circulation

Distinctive horseshoe-shaped nucleus

No lobes

Live for months

Phagocytic

Antigen-presenting cell

Agranular cytoplasm

42
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

In circulation

43
Q

Describe the nucleus of monocytes.

A

No lobes

Horseshoe shaped

44
Q

How long do monocytes live?

A

They live for months

45
Q

What two things can monocytes do?

A

Phagocytosis

Antigen presentation

46
Q

How do monocytes present antigens?

A

Monocytes engulf foreign materials, break them down and then show peptides to T cells to see if an immune response is activated

47
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of monocytes.

A

Agranular

48
Q

What are monocytes often called?

A

Scavengers

49
Q

Write a note on macrophages.

9

A

Cells derived from blood monocytes

Found in tissues

Their name depends on their location in the body

Name means ‘big eater’ - Voracious phagocytosis

Live for months

Antigen presenting cells

Flattens out and becomes star shaped - form pseudopodia

Can change shape and deform

Has lots of lysosomes - break down of pathogens

50
Q

What are macrophages often called?

A

Garbage disposal cells

51
Q

What cells are often called scavengers?

A

Monocytes

52
Q

What cells are often called garbage disposal cells?

A

Macrophages

53
Q

What do macrophages do?

3

A

Search for pathogens between tissues using their pseudopodia and ability to change shape

They phagocytose any pathogens they find - breaking them down with lysosomes

They present peptides that they have broken down to lymphocytes

54
Q

Write a note on dendritic cells.

5

A

Motile

Phagocytic

Best antigen present cell

Resemble dendrites of nerve cells

Different names depending on location in the body - e.g. Langerhans cells

55
Q

How do dendritic cells present antigens?

3

A

Dendritic cells display NHC molecules which contain peptides from invading organisms on their cell surface

Dendritic cell then moves around to find the right T cell

T cells dock with the dendritic cell and decide on a response

56
Q

What cell gives rise to macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

Peripheral blood monocytes

57
Q

Write a note on Lymphocytes.

6

A

Two types: T cells and B cells

Part of the acquired immune system

Large, round nucleus

Very little cytoplasm visible

Perfectly round cell with round nucleus

Unable to determine if a B or T lymphocyte using only a microscope

58
Q

Write a note on T lymphocytes.

3

A

Killers or Helpers

Killers - tell infected cells to kill themselves by apoptosis

Helper T cells coordinate immune responses - help make antibodies

59
Q

How do killer T cells make other cells kill themselves?

A

Cells shrink and keep their contents inside

60
Q

Write a note on B cells.

A

B cells become plasma cells which excrete antibodies

61
Q

How do antibodies prevent covid infections?

A

Antibodies bind to spike proteins of covid which prevent the virus from binding to normal cells

62
Q

Write a not on natural killer cells.

4

A

Large granular lymphocytes

Specialised type of lymphocyte

Attack and kill virus-infected cells and cancerous cells

Not specific - don’t care what type of virus or what type of cancer

63
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

3

A

They approach all cells

They feel the surface of the cell

Is there anything there that shouldn’t be? Has the cell been flagged with an antibody?

If so, the natural killer cells cause the cells to kill themselves.

64
Q

What is the main use of natural killer cells?

A

They can be used to treat cancers

65
Q

Write a note on mast cells.

6

A

Not found in circulation

Immune system “gatekeepers”

Located in the skin, mucosae and connective tissue

Non-motile

Release granules that contain chemicals that enhance inflammation such as histamine

Activated by complement proteins and antibodies

66
Q

What are mast cells often called?

A

“gatekeeper cells”

67
Q

How do mast cells enhance inflammation?

A

mast cells release their granules that contain chemicals that enhance inflammation such as histamine

68
Q

How do you remember the order of leukocytes from most abundant to least?

A 
Never 
Let 
Monkeys
Eat 
Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
69
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?

A

40-75%

70
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are eosinophils?

A

1-6%

71
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are basophils?

A

Less than 1%

72
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are monocytes?

A

2-10%

73
Q

What percentage of leukocytes are lymphocytes?

A

20-50%

74
Q

What do CD molecules stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation molecules

75
Q

What do immunologists use CD molecules for?

A

To differentiate between cells

76
Q

How do immunologists use CD molecules to differentiate between cells?

A

On the basis that different cells express different molecules on their cell surfaces

77
Q

How are CD molecules names?

A

They are named with only a number in the order in which they were found

78
Q

How many CD molecules are there to date?

A

371 CD molecules

79
Q

What CD molecules do T cells express?

A

CD3

80
Q

What CD molecules are expressed by natural killer cells?

A

CD56

81
Q

What CD molecules are expressed by B cells?

A

CD20

1. Immunology (9 decks)

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