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Biology 101 > Molecules of Life > Flashcards

Molecules of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

List the components of an atom

A

nucleus, protons, electrons and neutrons

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2
Q

List the types of chemical bonds

A
  • Covalent
  • hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic Bonds
  • (vander walls interactions)
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3
Q

Define a covalent bond

A

A covalent bond is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

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4
Q

What elements make up 97% of life?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, NItrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus and sulfer

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5
Q

Why is water polar (think electronegativity and asymmetry of water molecule)

A

Hydrogen has less electronegativity therefore oxygen pulls electrons more. That means the oxygen side is slightly more negative and the 2 hydrogen side is more positive

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6
Q 
Are these bonds polar or non polar
C-H
c double bond c
o-h
c-o
n-h
A 
C-H= non polar
c double bond c=non polar
o-h=polar
c-o= polar
n-h= polar
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7
Q

Rank these from most electronegative to least

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

A

1) OXYGEN
2) NITROGEN
3) CARBON
4) HYDROGEN

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8
Q

When do hydrogen bonds form

A

WHEN TWO DIFF MOLECULES THAT HAVE A HYDROGEN AND ARE DIPoles CAN HAVE A HYDROGEN BOND

They form when the partial positive charge of hydrogen atoms are attracted to the partial neg charge of oxygen atoms

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9
Q

Name the properties of water and describe them

A

1) Water is cohesive
(hydrogen bonds create surface resistance think of going through just straight marbles vs going through the marbles attached with toothpicks, where hydrogen is the toothpick)

2) Water moderates temperature changes(ie. costal regions are cooler than inner cities)
This happens because water in the ocean gets “too hot: therefor must break hydrogen bonds to evaporate but in order to do that must absorb heat from environment while the remaining molecules are “cooler”

3)ice is less dense than water
(Ice is less dense than water because the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density.)

4) Water adheres to hydrophilic surfaces
(example: anything that dissolves in water)

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10
Q

What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic

A

1.Hydrophilic means water loving; hydrophobic means resistant to water.
2.Hydrophilic molecules get absorbed or dissolved in water, while hydrophobic molecules only dissolve in oil-based substances.
4.Hydrophilic molecules are polar and ionic;
hydrophobic molecules are non-polar.

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11
Q

Inorganic compound vs organic compound

A

the presence of a carbon atom; organic compounds will contain a carbon atom

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12
Q

Why is carbon so versatile?

A

It can form 4 covalent bonds therefore many different combinations of things can be made… Carbon makes isomers

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13
Q

Define an isomer

A

Something that has the same chemical formula but a different structure.

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14
Q

What is the process of going from monomer to polymer called and explain

A

Dehydration/ condensation

It means to remove a water molecule and form a new bond

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15
Q

What is the process of going from polymer to monomer called and explain

A

Hydrolysis

It means to add a water molecule which breaks the original bond

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16
Q

List the 4 biomolecules

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Nucleic Acids
3) Proteins
4) Lipids

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17
Q

Give 3 examples of a carb monomers.. these are also called what>

A

galactose,
glucose
fructose
CALLED MONOSACCHARIDE ISOMERS

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18
Q

What are the two roles of carbs

A

Fuel and Structure

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19
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose
2) which is better for fuel, which is better for structure

A

Alpha: OH is down (fuel/energy)
Beta: OH is (structure)

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20
Q

Ratio of carbs

A

Cn (H2n) On (1:2:1)

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21
Q

What are the two shapes of carbs? Which is more common?

A

Linear and Cyclic

Cyclic is more stable therefore is 97%

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22
Q

Why is fructose different from glucose and galactose?

A

It has a 5 member ring, not 6

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23
Q

What is the bond called between two carbon monomers?

A

GLYCOSIDIC BONDS

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24
Q

What process do monomers go through to become polymers?

A

Dehydration/condensation

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25
Q

Name two carb disaccharides and from which monosaccharides are they formed from?

A

Glucose+Glucose=Maltose

Glucose+Fructose=Sucrose

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26
Q

Name two starch polysaccharides and the difference between the two

A

Amylopectin (branches) and Amylose (no branches)

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27
Q

What are the 4 main polysaccharides of carbs

A
  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
  • Chitin
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28
Q

What is glycogen and know the structure

A

Animal storage of sugar
Linked, branched glucose
α1-4 and α1-6 glycosidic links

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29
Q

What is starch, what are the two most popular plant starches, and know the structure and functions

A 
Plant storage of sugar
Amylopectin
Branched glucose
~70% of starch
α1-4 and α1-6 glycosidic links
Intermediate term storage
Amylose
Unbranched glucose
More dense
α1-4 glycosidic links
Long term storage
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30
Q

Which is better for long tern storage and why?

Amylopectin or Amylose

A

Amylose: because it is unbranched therefore harder to break down

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31
Q

What is cellulose for? what is the shape>

A

FOr structure

with a straight shape due to beta 1-4 linkages

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32
Q

What is chitin and where is it found

A

it is a derivative of glucose and it in found in cell wall of fungi, exoskeleton of anthropoids and even used in surgical thread

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33
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids

A

Carriers of genetic info (DNA AND RNA)

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34
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

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35
Q

what is a nucleotide made of?

A

1) Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
in dna it is deoxyribose, in rna is is ribose
2) phosphate group (attached to the carbon 5 of the pentose)
3) nitrogenous base

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36
Q

What are the pyrimidines what are the purines

A

PURINES: adenine, guanine.
PYRIMIDINES: thymine, uracil, cytosine

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37
Q

What is the form of DNA

A

DOUBLE HELIX

38
Q

how are the two dna strands bonded?

A

Hydrogen bonds

39
Q

Characteristic of DNA

A 
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleotides missing a hydroxyl group on the sugar
Double-stranded
More stable
In the nucleus forever
Longer (millions of nucleotides)
A,T,G,C
T = Thymine!
40
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A 
Ribonucleic acid
Single-stranded
Exported from the nucleus
Shorter 
A,U,G,C
U = Uracil!
41
Q

How are nucleotides connected?

A

Phosphodiester Bonds linking 3 carbon to 5 carbon

42
Q

How are nitrogenous bases connected?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

43
Q

What pairs with Adenine

What pairs with Guanine

A 
with adenine (Thymine in dna, uracil in RNA)
With guanine (cytosine)
44
Q

What are the monomers of protein?

A

Amino acids

45
Q

What are the components of an amino acid?

A

Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group (gives its identity) reactive group

46
Q

What are the 8 types of proteins and their functions

A

1) Structural=for support
2) Storage=to store amino acids
3) transport= to transport substances
4) Hormonal/signalling=coordination of organisms activities
5) Defensive= protect against disease
6) contractile and motor: for movement
7) receptor: response of cell to chemical stimuli
8) enzymatic: selective acceleration of chemical reactions

47
Q

example of structural protein

A

Keratin, silk, collagen, elastin

48
Q

example of storage protein

A

casein (in milk), ovalbumin

49
Q

example of transport protein

A

hemoglobin

50
Q

example of hormonal protein

A

insulin

51
Q

example of defensive protein

A

antibodies (white blood cells)

52
Q

example of contractile protein

A

actin and myosin

53
Q

example of enzymatic protein

A

digestive proteins to break bonds in food

54
Q

example of receptor protein

A

proteins within the membrane of a nerve cell

55
Q

How many kinds of amino acids?

A

20 kinds

56
Q

By what bonds are amino acids linked by? and what process?

A

Peptide bonds!! (between the N of the amino group and R of the carboxyl group)
Done by condensation/Dehydration

57
Q

What gives.a protein its shape and its specific role?

A

The combination/sequence of amino acids

58
Q

WHAT is the structure of a protein

A

SEE SLIDE NOTES

59
Q

what are the difference characteristics of the r groups

A
  • hydrophobic
  • hydrophilic
  • charged
  • acidic/basic
60
Q

can amino acids by amphipathic?

A

YES

61
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure in proteins

A

1) Primary (really zoomed in)
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary (really zoomed out)

62
Q

Explain the primary level of proteins

A

Unique Amino acid sequence (adjacent amino acids) of 1 protein
determined by inherited info

63
Q

explain the secondary level of proteins

A

Interactions between non-adjacent amino acids of 1 protein

These interactions make shapes (twists & turns in the protein) held by H bonds

64
Q

explain the tertiary level of proteins

A

Interactions between R-groups of 1 protein
Many types of bonds involved
Larger scale shapes

65
Q

explain the quaternary level of proteins

A

Interaction between different proteins

When two or more polypeptides (proteins) combine to form a macromolecule

66
Q

Why is the folding of amino acids important

A

Improper folding means the protein will not function correctly

67
Q

Explain denaturation and why it occurs

A

it is the result of protein unfolding due to extreme conditions like temperature, pH, solvents

68
Q

What are the 4 families of lipids

A
  • fatty acids
  • fats (triglycerides)
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
69
Q

what is the monomer of lipids

A

Fatty acids

70
Q

what do all the different lipid families have in common

A

They are non-polar (ie. hydrophobic)

71
Q

What is the ratio of fatty acids

A

1;2;1 (carbon, hydrogen,oxygen)

72
Q

What are the components of a fatty acid

A

1x hydrocarbon chain

carboxylic acid

73
Q

What is the difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polysaturated

A

saturated: no double bond
Monosatured: one double bond
poly; several double bonds

74
Q

what do double bonds cause?

A

A KINK

75
Q

What state are unsaturated fats in?

A

liquid/fluid because they have double bonds

76
Q

what state are saturated fats in?

A

Solid/viscous because they have no double bonds (ie. tightly packed)

77
Q

What are the components of triglycerides

A
  • Glycerol

- 3x fatty acids

78
Q

What does excessive consumption of saturated fat lead to?

A

Cardiovascular diseases

79
Q

What is the role of fatty acids

A

BUILDING BLOCKS

80
Q

What is the role of triglycerides?

A

Serves as storage

81
Q

Are triglycerides hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

HYDROPHOBIC

82
Q

Where do you find saturated fats? Unsaturated sats?

A

saturated: butter, animal fat
unsaturated: oils, plants, fish

83
Q

What are trans fats?

A

ARTIFICIALLY saturated fats (hydrogenated fats)

84
Q

Do transfats have a kink?

A

nope, they are solid at room temp like saturated

85
Q

What are phospholipids

A

The building blocks that form the cell membrane (aka phospilipid bilayer)

86
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

1x glycerol
2x fatty acids
1x phosphate group (neg. charge.
1x variable hydrophilic group

87
Q

Explain hydrophobic and hydrophilic heads and where to find them in fats

A

In the phospholipid bilayer, you find the hydrophilic heads on the outside and the hydrophobic tails on the inside

88
Q

What do phospholipids form in water and explain them

A

Form micelles/capsules

89
Q

Why are steroids important?

A

They prevent fatty acid tails from moving when temp is too high and prevent them from packing when temp is too low

90
Q

What are steroids made from

A

4 fused rings

91
Q

Are steroids hydrophilic, hydrophobic or amphipathic

A

amphipathic

92
Q

Give an example of a useful steroid

A

cholesterol

Biology 101 (15 decks)

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