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SAT Biology E/M > Molecules Of Biology > Flashcards

Molecules Of Biology Flashcards

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0
Q

Element

A

A molecule containing one type of atom.

Ex: O2 not H2O

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1
Q

Compound

A

A molecule that contains different types of atoms

Ex: H2O not O2

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2
Q

Organic vs Inorganic Molecules

A

Organic molecules have carbon, inorganic do not. The exception to this is carbon dioxide (CO2), which is inorganic.

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3
Q

Four Important Types of Organic Molecules

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

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4
Q

Polymer

A

Strings of repeated monomers

Ex: Proteins

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5
Q

Monomers

A

The units that make up polymers.

Ex: Amino Acids for Proteins

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6
Q

Amino Acids

A

The monomer that makes up a protein.

           H    O
            |     ||
NH2—C—C—OH
            |
           R
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7
Q

Amino Group

A

The NH2 group on an amino acid

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8
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

The COOH group on an amino acid.

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9
Q

Side-Chain

A

The R part of an amino acid.

Defines the amino acid and its chemical properties.

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10
Q

Peptide Bond

A

The bond between two amino acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis.

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11
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

A water molecule is removed to bond two molecules together, ie amino acids in a peptide bond.

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12
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A water molecule is added to break a structure apart, i.e. when peptide bonds are broken.

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13
Q

Polypeptide

A

A chain of amino acids in peptide bonds, primary structure of proteins.

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14
Q

Saccharide

A

The monomer of carbohydrates, although they ate considered carbs by themselves. Refers to “sweetness”.

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A polymer made of saccharides. Made up of only carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.

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16
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Carbs made of one saccharide.

The number of carbon atoms = number of oxygen atoms, number of hydrogen atoms = twice the amount of carbon or oxygen atoms.

Ex. CnH2nOn

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17
Q

Glucose

A

A monosaccharide.
C6H12O6
Same formula as Fructose but the double bonded oxygen is at the top of the chain or ring.

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18
Q

Fructose

A

A monosaccharide.
C6H12O6
Same formula as Glucose but the double bonded oxygen is at the second carbon from the top.

19
Q

Disaccharide

A

A carb made of two saccharides.

20
Q

Maltose

A

A disaccharide made of two glucose molecules. A molecule of H2O is removed to bond them, dehydration synthesis.

C12H22O11

21
Q

Fructose

A

A disaccharide made of Glucose and Fructose by dehydration synthesis.

C12H22O11

22
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A carb made of three of more saccharides.

Know Glycogen, Starch, and Celulose.

23
Q

Glycogen

A

The form in which animals store glucose.

24
Q

Starch

A

The form in which plants store glucose.

25
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide that forms plant cell walls.

26
Q

Lipids

A

Fats— function as energy storage, components of cell membranes, insulation and cushioning.
Monomer is the hydrocarbon.

27
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Monomer for lipids, makes long chains.

   H
    |
—C—
    |
   H
28
Q

Hydrocarbon Chain

A

A chain of hydrocarbons. Is hydrophobic.

   H      H   H    H
    |       |     |      |
—C— C—C—C— ...and so on
    |       |     |      |
   H     H    H    H
29
Q

Hydrophobic

A

A molecule that does not interact well with water.

30
Q

Hydrophilic

A

A molecule that mixes well with water.

31
Q

Triglycerides

A

Consists of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule. Animals store fat in triglycerides.

32
Q

Phospholipids

A

Consists of a glycerol bonded to a phosphate group and two fatty acids. The phosphate group is hydrophobic, but the fatty acids are hydrophobic.

33
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Many phospholipids together will form a lipid bilayer, which will form cell membranes:
O~~ ~~O
O~~ ~~O
O~~ ~~O

34
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid made not of hydrocarbon chains but from rings. Found only in animal cells. All steroid hormones are derived from it.

35
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol that has three carbon atoms. Used in Triglycerides and in Phospholipids.

36
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Acidic macromolecules found in cell nuclei. Create DNA and RNA. Monomer is a nucleotide. Sometimes referred to as polynucleotides.

37
Q

Nucleotide

A

The monomer of a Nucleic Acid, consists of a sugar a phosphate groups and a base.

38
Q

Nucleic Base

A

Part of a nucleotide, replaced by Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine in DNA. In RNA Thymine is replaced by Uracil.

39
Q

Sugar be Phosphate

A

The constant parts of the nucleotide. Form the backbone of Nucleic acids.

40
Q

Structure of DNA

A

A double-stranded Nucleic Acid. A double helix.

41
Q

Nucleotide base Pairing

A

A pairs to U or T, depending on whether the molecule is DNA or RNA.
C pairs only to G.
They are held together with a hydrogen bond.

42
Q

Complementary DNA Strands

A

Two strands of DNA whose base pairs line up so that they bond, creating a double helix.

43
Q

RNA

A

A single stranded Nucleic Acid. Uses Uracil instead of Thymine. Can form many shapes.

44
Q

The structure of DNA was discovered by…

A

James Watson and Francis Crick. They took images from Rosalind Franklin.

SAT Biology E/M (6 decks)

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