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AS-Level Biology > Molecules > Flashcards

Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe water in biochemistry

A

-Excellent solvent capable of dissolving a variety of organic and inorganic substances -Most reactions take place in an aqueous solution -Transport ability -Effect on hydrophillic and hydrophobic molecules

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2
Q

What does potassium do?

A

Acts as a buffer in neurones

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3
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Is the main component in calcium pectate

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4
Q

What does magnesium do?

A

Is a component in chlorophyll that aids photosynthesis

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5
Q

What does iron do?

A

Iron is part of the haem groups in haemoglobin

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6
Q

What is hydrogen carbonate?

A

A natural buffer

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7
Q

What does nitrate do?

A

Nitrate is a component of amino acids/nucleic acids and chlorophyll

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8
Q

What does phosphate do?

A

Phosphate is a major component in phospholipids, ATP, nucleic acids

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9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monomers of sugar, such as alpha-glucose, beta-glucose and fructose

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10
Q

What are dissaccharides?

A

Two monomers joined together, such as maltose (2 a-glucoses) or sucrose (a-glucose and fructose)

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11
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of many monosaccharides

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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of cellulose

A

-Cellulose plays a structural role in plants, and is found in the cell wall of plants. -Cellulose is a bunch of beta glucose unbranched, alternating chains bonded together. Due to the “flipped nature” of the chains hydrogen bonds between the strands occurs. -Many of these together creates microfibrils. Microfibirls run against each other in a lattice structure to increase tensile strength.

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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of starch

A

-Starch plays a storage role in plants. It is made up of amylose, unbranched chains of alpha glucose, and amylopectin, branched chains of alpha glucose (with 1,6 glycosidic bonds) -Starch is compact, insoluble, and has more terminal ends for faster hydrolysis

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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of glycogen

A

-Plays a storage role in animals. It is long branched chains of alpha-glucose monomers (1,6 glycosidic bonds) -Glycogen is compact, insoluble, and has more terminal ends for faster hydrolysis

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15
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic molecules, the main two types being phospholipids and triglycerides

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16
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Condensation products of glycerol and fatty acids

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17
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

Fats containing maximum number of hydrogen atoms, and are linked by C-C single bonds

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18
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

Fats linked by C=C double bonds

19
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

They are an insoluble and polar form of lipid. They are found in the cell membrane, and due to their polarity are important to determining orientation and function of cell membranes

20
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are condensation products of amino acids

21
Q

What is primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, joined by peptide bonds

22
Q

What is secondary structure?

A

Alpha helix, or beta pleated sheets

23
Q

What is tertiary structure?

A

Folding of polypeptide chain further

24
Q

What is quarternary structure?

A

More than 1 polypeptide making up a protein

25
Q

Describe the bonds in primary structure

A

Peptide

26
Q

Describe the bonds in secondary structure

A

Hydrogen

27
Q

Describe the bonds in tertiary structure

A

Hydrogen, ionic, disulfide, and hydrophobic interactions

28
Q

Describe the bonds in quarternary structure

A

Mostly disulfide

29
Q

What is fibrous protein?

A

-Insoluble proteins made up of polypeptide chains arranged to form fibres, with a structural role -Collagen for example, is in tendons and joins muscle to bone.

30
Q

What is globular protein?

A

-Proteins with a metabolic role. -They are capable of forming specific 3D shapes for their role -Enzymes, antibodies and haemoglobin are all examples

31
Q

What are conjugated proteins?

A

Quarternary structures containing prosthetic groups, for example, glycoproteins and haemoglobin

32
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Condensation products of nucleotides. Nucleic acid chains form DNA as two anti-parallel strands

33
Q

Name 5 differences between RNA and DNA

A

DNA: Deoxyribose, double stranded, Adenine-Thymine, millions of nucleotides long, 1 type RNA: Ribose, single stranded, Adenine-Uracil, hundreds of nucleotides long, 3 primary types

34
Q

Name the 3 primary types of RNA

A

ribosomal (rRNA): made in nucleolus messenger (mRNA): carries DNA code from nucleus to ribosomes transfer (tRNA): carries amino acids to ribosomes

35
Q

Describe the process of DNA replication

A

-DNA helicase “unzips” DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds -Each original strand acts as the template for the free nucleotides to join onto, following base pair rules. -DNA polymerase creates the free nucleotides, so a new strand is joined together with the old. -This is why it is called semi-conservative replication

36
Q

Describe the iodine test

A

Tests for starch; yellow-brown to blue black if positive result

37
Q

Describe the Benedict’s test

A

Tests for reducing sugars; blue to brick red precipitate if positive result

38
Q

Describe the clinistix test

A

Tests for glucose; paper will turn purple/blue if positive result

39
Q

Describe the Biuret test

A

Tests for protein; blue to lilac/purple if positive result

40
Q

How do you calculate an Rf value?

A

Distance moved by a solute divided by the distance the solvent has moved forward

41
Q

Draw a triglyceride molecule

A

Where R represents the hydrocarbon chain

42
Q

Draw a phospholipid molecule

A
43
Q

Draw the general structure of amino acids

A

AS-Level Biology (12 decks)

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