Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development Flashcards
1
Q
- Cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell
A
Growth
1
Q
- Cells begin to form specific and specialized structures
A
Differentiation
2
Q
- Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation
A
Patterning
3
Q
- Patterning needs to occur in what 3 dimensions?
A
a. Anterior-posterior
b. Dorsal-ventral
c. Proximal-distal
4
Q
- Pierre-robin, Treacher Collins, and Marfan syndrome are examples of
A
a. Malocclusion syndromes
5
Q
- Crouson, Apert, Pfeiffer, and Clefting syndromes are examples of
A
a. Craniofacial malformations
6
Q
- Sclerosteosis and van Buschem’s, High bone mass and OPPG, and Paget’s disease are examples of what?
A
a. Bone mass traits
7
Q
- Dentinogenesis and amelogenesis imperfects are examples of what?
A
a. Tooth development disorders
8
Q
- Describe sensitivity during the 0-2 week period
A
a. Not sensitive usually
Highest rate of lethality may occur
8
Q
- Craniofacial anomalies account for ______ of all Congenital defects
A
1/3
9
Q
- Describe sensitivity during the 3-8 week period
A
a. Period of greatest sensitivity
10
Q
- How many weeks is gestation?
A
38 weeks
11
Q
- What are the 5 signaling pathways that all species have in common?
A
a. RTK
b. TGFb superfamily
c. Wnt
d. Hedgehog
e. Notch
12
Q
- Multicellular organisms are enriched in ______ mediating cell interactions and gene regulations
A
Proteins
13
Q
- Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating ________ and _________
A
a. Cell interactions
b. Gene regulations
14
Q
- What defines the development program?
A
a. Regulatory DNA
15
Q
- This is when sister cells are born different
A
a. Asymmetrical division
16
Q
- This is when sister cells become different as a result of influences acting on them “after birth”
A
a. Symmetric division
17
Q
- What all is inductive signaling?
A
a. Starting point (cell or cell cluster)
b. Cell-cell signaling
c. Cell signaling cascades
d. Acts over great distances
18
Q
- These form gradients across cells to elicit a certain response
A
a. Morphogen gradient
19
Q
- This is when the induction of a molecule is due to how a different molecule acts on a certain cell
A
a. Sequential induction
20
Q
- Gastrulation makes what 3 primary germ layers?
A
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm
21
Q
- Once cells are committed to a specific cascade, they become specific structures. This is known as
A
a. Regional determination
22
Q
- (T/F) Race and ethnicity are NOT social constructures
A
a. False, they are
23
25. Do race and ethnicity exist biologically?
No
24
26. This is a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Race
25
27. This is a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
Ethnicity
26
28. This is the impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes in response to those stresses
Social epigenomics
27
29. Are craniofacial syndromes a “significant” cause of infant mortality?
Yes
28
30. How many syndromes of craniofacial syndromes are there?
>700
29
31. This is an embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and epidermis
Neural crest cells
30
32. What can NCCs (neural crest cells) exhibit?
Stemness
31
33. Some NCCs exhibit stemness in that they can give rise to _______
a. Multiple differentiated cell types
32
34. In the formation of the craniofacial structures, the neural crest cells migrate through?
a. restricted pathways to form the developing structures
33
35. Cell migration is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as ___________ that restrict their movement and determine fate
a. Morphogens and growth factors
34
36. What are the stages of tooth development?
a. Initiation
b. Morphogenesis
c. Differentiation and mineralization
d. Root formation and eruption
35
37. As a collective group, what diseases are the most common?
a. Craniofacial genetic diseases
36
38. These diseases commonly involve one or more teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands, and/or hair
a. Ectodermal dysplasias
37
39. This is when you are missing only a few teeth
Hypodontia
38
40. This is when you are missing more than 6 teeth, EXCLUDING 3rd molars
a. Oligodontia
39
41. This is the absence of teeth
Anodontia
40
42. This is when one or more teeth appear smaller
Microdontia
41
44. What are the 5 genetic diseases of dentition presented in the lecture?
a. Ectodermal dysplasias
b. Tooth agenesis
c. Supernumerary teeth
d. Cleft lip/palate
e. Skeletal diseases
