Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development Flashcards
- Cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell
Growth
- Cells begin to form specific and specialized structures
Differentiation
- Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation
Patterning
- Patterning needs to occur in what 3 dimensions?
a. Anterior-posterior
b. Dorsal-ventral
c. Proximal-distal
- Pierre-robin, Treacher Collins, and Marfan syndrome are examples of
a. Malocclusion syndromes
- Crouson, Apert, Pfeiffer, and Clefting syndromes are examples of
a. Craniofacial malformations
- Sclerosteosis and van Buschem’s, High bone mass and OPPG, and Paget’s disease are examples of what?
a. Bone mass traits
- Dentinogenesis and amelogenesis imperfects are examples of what?
a. Tooth development disorders
- Describe sensitivity during the 0-2 week period
a. Not sensitive usually
Highest rate of lethality may occur
- Craniofacial anomalies account for ______ of all Congenital defects
1/3
- Describe sensitivity during the 3-8 week period
a. Period of greatest sensitivity
- How many weeks is gestation?
38 weeks
- What are the 5 signaling pathways that all species have in common?
a. RTK
b. TGFb superfamily
c. Wnt
d. Hedgehog
e. Notch
- Multicellular organisms are enriched in ______ mediating cell interactions and gene regulations
Proteins
- Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating ________ and _________
a. Cell interactions
b. Gene regulations
- What defines the development program?
a. Regulatory DNA
- This is when sister cells are born different
a. Asymmetrical division
- This is when sister cells become different as a result of influences acting on them “after birth”
a. Symmetric division
- What all is inductive signaling?
a. Starting point (cell or cell cluster)
b. Cell-cell signaling
c. Cell signaling cascades
d. Acts over great distances
- These form gradients across cells to elicit a certain response
a. Morphogen gradient
- This is when the induction of a molecule is due to how a different molecule acts on a certain cell
a. Sequential induction
- Gastrulation makes what 3 primary germ layers?
a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm
- Once cells are committed to a specific cascade, they become specific structures. This is known as
a. Regional determination
- (T/F) Race and ethnicity are NOT social constructures
a. False, they are
- Do race and ethnicity exist biologically?
No
- This is a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
Race
- This is a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
Ethnicity
- This is the impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes in response to those stresses
Social epigenomics
- Are craniofacial syndromes a “significant” cause of infant mortality?
Yes
- How many syndromes of craniofacial syndromes are there?
> 700
- This is an embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and epidermis
Neural crest cells
- What can NCCs (neural crest cells) exhibit?
Stemness
- Some NCCs exhibit stemness in that they can give rise to _______
a. Multiple differentiated cell types
- In the formation of the craniofacial structures, the neural crest cells migrate through?
a. restricted pathways to form the developing structures
- Cell migration is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as ___________ that restrict their movement and determine fate
a. Morphogens and growth factors
- What are the stages of tooth development?
a. Initiation
b. Morphogenesis
c. Differentiation and mineralization
d. Root formation and eruption
- As a collective group, what diseases are the most common?
a. Craniofacial genetic diseases
- These diseases commonly involve one or more teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands, and/or hair
a. Ectodermal dysplasias
- This is when you are missing only a few teeth
Hypodontia
- This is when you are missing more than 6 teeth, EXCLUDING 3rd molars
a. Oligodontia
- This is the absence of teeth
Anodontia
- This is when one or more teeth appear smaller
Microdontia
- What are the 5 genetic diseases of dentition presented in the lecture?
a. Ectodermal dysplasias
b. Tooth agenesis
c. Supernumerary teeth
d. Cleft lip/palate
e. Skeletal diseases
