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D2 Summer - Growth & Development > Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development > Flashcards

Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell
A

Growth

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1
Q
  1. Cells begin to form specific and specialized structures
A

Differentiation

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2
Q
  1. Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation
A

Patterning

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3
Q
  1. Patterning needs to occur in what 3 dimensions?
A

a. Anterior-posterior
b. Dorsal-ventral
c. Proximal-distal

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4
Q
  1. Pierre-robin, Treacher Collins, and Marfan syndrome are examples of
A

a. Malocclusion syndromes

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5
Q
  1. Crouson, Apert, Pfeiffer, and Clefting syndromes are examples of
A

a. Craniofacial malformations

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6
Q
  1. Sclerosteosis and van Buschem’s, High bone mass and OPPG, and Paget’s disease are examples of what?
A

a. Bone mass traits

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7
Q
  1. Dentinogenesis and amelogenesis imperfects are examples of what?
A

a. Tooth development disorders

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8
Q
  1. Describe sensitivity during the 0-2 week period
A

a. Not sensitive usually
Highest rate of lethality may occur

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8
Q
  1. Craniofacial anomalies account for ______ of all Congenital defects
A

1/3

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9
Q
  1. Describe sensitivity during the 3-8 week period
A

a. Period of greatest sensitivity

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10
Q
  1. How many weeks is gestation?
A

38 weeks

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11
Q
  1. What are the 5 signaling pathways that all species have in common?
A

a. RTK
b. TGFb superfamily
c. Wnt
d. Hedgehog
e. Notch

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12
Q
  1. Multicellular organisms are enriched in ______ mediating cell interactions and gene regulations
A

Proteins

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13
Q
  1. Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating ________ and _________
A

a. Cell interactions
b. Gene regulations

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14
Q
  1. What defines the development program?
A

a. Regulatory DNA

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15
Q
  1. This is when sister cells are born different
A

a. Asymmetrical division

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16
Q
  1. This is when sister cells become different as a result of influences acting on them “after birth”
A

a. Symmetric division

17
Q
  1. What all is inductive signaling?
A

a. Starting point (cell or cell cluster)
b. Cell-cell signaling
c. Cell signaling cascades
d. Acts over great distances

18
Q
  1. These form gradients across cells to elicit a certain response
A

a. Morphogen gradient

19
Q
  1. This is when the induction of a molecule is due to how a different molecule acts on a certain cell
A

a. Sequential induction

20
Q
  1. Gastrulation makes what 3 primary germ layers?
A

a. Ectoderm
b. Endoderm
c. Mesoderm

21
Q
  1. Once cells are committed to a specific cascade, they become specific structures. This is known as
A

a. Regional determination

22
Q
  1. (T/F) Race and ethnicity are NOT social constructures
A

a. False, they are

23
Q
  1. Do race and ethnicity exist biologically?
A

No

24
Q
  1. This is a socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
A

Race

25
Q
  1. This is a socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor
A

Ethnicity

26
Q
  1. This is the impact of social and environmental factors and how that manifests biologically through genetic changes in response to those stresses
A

Social epigenomics

27
Q
  1. Are craniofacial syndromes a “significant” cause of infant mortality?
A

Yes

28
Q
  1. How many syndromes of craniofacial syndromes are there?
A

> 700

29
Q
  1. This is an embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and epidermis
A

Neural crest cells

30
Q
  1. What can NCCs (neural crest cells) exhibit?
A

Stemness

31
Q
  1. Some NCCs exhibit stemness in that they can give rise to _______
A

a. Multiple differentiated cell types

32
Q
  1. In the formation of the craniofacial structures, the neural crest cells migrate through?
A

a. restricted pathways to form the developing structures

33
Q
  1. Cell migration is a tightly regulated process and the NCCs receive cues such as ___________ that restrict their movement and determine fate
A

a. Morphogens and growth factors

34
Q
  1. What are the stages of tooth development?
A

a. Initiation
b. Morphogenesis
c. Differentiation and mineralization
d. Root formation and eruption

35
Q
  1. As a collective group, what diseases are the most common?
A

a. Craniofacial genetic diseases

36
Q
  1. These diseases commonly involve one or more teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands, and/or hair
A

a. Ectodermal dysplasias

37
Q
  1. This is when you are missing only a few teeth
A

Hypodontia

38
Q
  1. This is when you are missing more than 6 teeth, EXCLUDING 3rd molars
A

a. Oligodontia

39
Q
  1. This is the absence of teeth
A

Anodontia

40
Q
  1. This is when one or more teeth appear smaller
A

Microdontia

41
Q
  1. What are the 5 genetic diseases of dentition presented in the lecture?
A

a. Ectodermal dysplasias
b. Tooth agenesis
c. Supernumerary teeth
d. Cleft lip/palate
e. Skeletal diseases

D2 Summer - Growth & Development (5 decks)

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