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D2 Summer - Growth & Development > Head & Neck Development > Flashcards

Head & Neck Development Flashcards

1
Q
  1. These encode RNA and proteins
A

Genes

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2
Q
  1. What defines the identity of each cell?
A

a. Complement of RNA and protein produced

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3
Q
  1. Ectoderm =
A

Outer

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4
Q
  1. Mesoderm =
A

Middle

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5
Q
  1. Endoderm =
A

Inner

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6
Q
  1. Clinical treatments always consider what?
A

a. Form
b. Symmetry

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7
Q
  1. The dorsal-ventral axis is apparent by what stage?
A

a. Blastocyst stage

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8
Q
  1. During what weeks is the dorsal-ventral axis apparent?
A

a. First 3 weeks

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9
Q
  1. When does implantation occur?
A

a. Prior to the formation of 3 germ layers

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10
Q
  1. The A-P axis and L-R axis are determined when?
A

a. Start of week 3 with the appearance of the primitive streak

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11
Q
  1. The A-P axis and L-R axis are determined at the start of week 3 with the appearance of what?
A

a. Primitive streak (NOT NODE)

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12
Q
  1. The primitive streak furrows progressively elongate along the midline through the process of what?
A

a. Convergent extension

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13
Q
  1. How does the 2nd and 3rd germ layer form?
A

a. Cells of the epiblast migrate through the primitive streak to form mesoderm and embryonic endoderm

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14
Q
  1. Is the primitive streak formed by the mesoderm?
A

No

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15
Q
  1. What processes form the mesoderm? (think about what this is analogous to)
A

epithelial mesenchyme transformation (EMT)

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16
Q
  1. Do you have proportional or disproportionate growth of the germ layers?
A

a. Disproportionate

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17
Q
  1. Why do you have disproportionate growth of germ layers?
A

a. Epiblast (ectoderm) is greater because it forms the mesoderm and endoderm

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18
Q
  1. This is a conserved structure across all vertebrates
A

The node

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19
Q
  1. This is the anterior-most end of the primitive streak
A

Node

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20
Q
  1. The node is essential for establishing what?
A

a. L-R symmetry
b. Patterning and induction of embryonic cells

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21
Q
  1. Factors secreted by cells of the Node induce anteriorly migrating mesoderm to form what?
A

a. Prechordal plate
b. Notochord

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22
Q
  1. What germ layer forms the prechorcal plate and notochord?
A

Mesoderm

23
Q
  1. This is the most anterior region of the mesoderm
A

Prechordal plate

24
Q
  1. This provides signals for the induction of head structures
A

Prechordal plate

25
Q
  1. This is a transient epithelial-like rode structure along the midline
A

Notochord

26
Q
  1. This provides signals for the induction of the neural plate
A

Notochord

27
Q
  1. This induces and specifies the fate of the mesoderm as it is formed
A

Node

28
Q
  1. How do you create asymmetry in a symmetrical embryo?
A

a. Establish molecular symmetry
b. Conversion into asymmetric organogenesis

29
Q
  1. Nodal cells each have how many cilia?
A

1 motile cilium

30
Q
  1. A cilium is a membrane that helps define what property of the cilium?
A

a. Mechanosensory
b. Rotational

31
Q
  1. Nodal cilia have a _______ beat
A

Rotational beat

32
Q
  1. What helps create asymmetry because of an asymmetric distribution of morphogens?
A

Nodal cilia

33
Q
  1. Reproducible morphological and functional asymmetries are in nearly __________
A

All internal organs

34
Q
  1. This is the precursor (process) to the brain and spinal cord
A

Neurulation

35
Q
  1. Factors from the mesoderm induce the thickening of overlying ectoderm to form what?
A

a. Neural plate

36
Q
  1. Signals from the notochord induce a hinge point that helps drive
A

Folding

37
Q
  1. Describe the process of neural tube closure
A

a. Advanced maturity of anterior end → expanded neural plate → Future brain

38
Q
  1. How does neural tube closure proceed?
A

a. Closes anterior and posterior from the mid-region

39
Q
  1. By the end of week 3, the head and neck comprise _______ of the embryo
A

1/2

40
Q
  1. A defect in neural tube closure causes
A

Spina bifida

41
Q
  1. Cephalization =
A

a. Head formation

42
Q
  1. What serves as a hinge point during cephalization?
A

a. Oropharyngeal membrane

43
Q
  1. What 2 things are very important for the formation of the head?
A

a. Prechordal plate
b. Oropharyngeal membrane

44
Q
  1. Foregut and hindgut specialization occur when?
A

a. Folding of the entire embryo during cephalization

45
Q
  1. This is a population of “pluripotent”, stemlike cells that originate at the crest of the enclosing neural tube
A

a. Neural crest cells

46
Q
  1. How do NCC cells migrate?
A

a. Ventro-laterally

47
Q
  1. NCCs are generated by what process? This is also analogous to what?
A

a. EMT
b. Formation of 3rd germ layer (mesoderm)

48
Q
  1. This migrates outgrowth of the primitive tissue masses that will form much of the head and neck
A

CNCC

49
Q
  1. This is a major contributor to craniofacial structures and to mineralized tissues of the oral region
A

CNCC

50
Q
  1. (T/F) CNCCs fate is NOT determined prior to departure from the neural tube
A

a. False, is determined

51
Q
  1. CNCC migration pathway is reproducible? (what is this defined by)
A

a. Yes
b. Mesoderm

52
Q
  1. Is embryogenesis a “generative” process?
A

No

53
Q
  1. How can malformations and normal phenotypic variation result?
A

a. Single changes in gene sequence
b. Combinations of normal gene variants
c. Changes in the environment to which cells respond

D2 Summer - Growth & Development (5 decks)

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