Molecular Genetics and Early Embryonic Development & Craniofacial Conditions

Question 1

In every species and at every level of organization, complex structures are made by repeating a few basic _____ with variations.

Answer 1

themes

Question 2

_____: cells begin to form specific and specialized structures

Answer 2

Differentiation:

Question 3

_____: cell divisions that form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell

Answer 3

Growth:

Question 4

______: cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as gastrulation.

Answer 4

Patterning

Question 5

Patterning needs to occur in what 3 dimensions?

Answer 5

–Anterior-Posterior (top-bottom)
–Dorsal-Ventral (left-right)
–Proximal-Distal (front-back)

Question 6

During what weeks of development do the craniofacial structures develop?

Answer 6

3-8 weeks

Question 7

What are the 5 main signaling pathways involved in development?

Answer 7

Receptor tyrosine kinase
TGFB
Wnt
Hedgehog
Notch

Question 8

____ division: sister cells are born different

Answer 8

Asymmetric divison

Question 9

______ division: sister cells become different as result of influences acting on them after their birth

Answer 9

Symmetric division

Question 10

What percentage of all live births exhibit some form of minor or major abnormality?

Answer 10

3%

Question 11

Embryonic cell population that is localized between the developing neural tube and the epidermis.

Answer 11

Neural crest cells

Question 12

Some neural crest cell exhibit _____ in that they can give rise to multiple differentiated cell types

Answer 12

“stemness”

Question 13

In the formation of the craniofacial structures (and many other structures) the _______ migrate through restricted pathways to form the developing structures.

Answer 13

neural crest cells

Question 14

Cell migration is a tightly regulated processes and the ____ receive cues such as morphogens and growth factors that restrict their movement and determine fate

Answer 14

neural crest cells

Question 15

Over ____ genes identified that have mutations associated with tooth patterning, morphogenesis defects and cell differentiation defects

Answer 15

300

Question 16

As a collective group ______ diseases are the most common

Answer 16

craniofacial genetic

Question 17

–>100 different disorders

–Commonly involves one or more of teeth, nails, skin, sweat glands and/or hair

Answer 17

Ectodermal dysplasias

Question 18

_____: common types of tooth agenesis with only a few missing teeth

Answer 18

Hypodontia:

Question 19

_____: more severe form of tooth agenesis with at least 6 missing teeth, excluding third molars

Answer 19

Oligodontia

Question 20

_____: complete lack of teeth

Answer 20

Anodontia

Question 21

_____: one or more teeth appear smaller

Answer 21

Microdontia

Question 22

_____: one or more teeth grow faster and exceed average size

Answer 22

Macrodontia

Question 23

What are the most common craniofacial conditions?

Answer 23

Cleft lip and palate

Question 24

What 2 processes fail to fuse in cleft lip/palate?

Answer 24

medial nasal and maxillary processes

Question 25

_____ provide support for erupting teeth and orthodontic tooth movement

Answer 25

Alveolar bone graft

Question 26

What are the 3 things that make up the Robin sequence?

Answer 26

Glossoptosis
Micrognathia
Respiratory distress

Question 27

What is the gold standard treatment for Pierre-Robin syndrome?

Answer 27

Neonatal mandibular distraction

Question 28

____ is a surgical technique in which new bone formation is induced by gradual separation of bony segments after osteotomy

Answer 28

Distraction osteogenesis