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Growth and Development > Head and Neck Development > Flashcards

Head and Neck Development Flashcards

1
Q

______ encode RNA and proteins.

A

Genes (DNA)

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2
Q

Genes (DNA) encode ____ and ____

A

RNA and proteins

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3
Q

The complement of _____ and _____ produced defines the identity of each cell–its appearance and how it behaves.

A

RNA & protein

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4
Q

T/F: Cells receive and process information from their surroundings –extracellular matrix, secreted molecules (growth factors) from other cells, hormones, contact with other cells (tension), nutrients, oxygen levels, etc.•These in turn modify the genes expressed, thus allowing the cell to adapt to its situation and take on new properties / behaviors.

A

True

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5
Q

_______ provide the blueprint that ensures we all have a maxilla and mandible and an integrated oronasal cavity, etc. But gene mutation and differences in these non-genetic ‘instructions’ determines everything about our phenotype.

A

Genes (genome)

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6
Q

_____: tightly adherent and tightly compact

A

Epithelia

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7
Q

_____: loosely connected; migrating

A

Mesenchyme

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8
Q

All aspects of the craniofacial complex are defined by what 3 axes?

A
  • Left-right
  • Dorsal-ventral
  • Anterior-posterior
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9
Q

Clinical treatments always consider what 2 things?

A
  • form

* symmetry

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10
Q

____ axis is apparent by blastocyst stage

A

Dorsal-ventral axis

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11
Q

cells derived from one of two-cell embryos almost always contribute primarily to _____ tissue

A

embryonic (ICM) tissue

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12
Q

descendants of the other blastomere are primarily _____ -embryonic

A

extra-embryonic

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13
Q

Anterior-posterior (A-P) axis [head-tail] and left-right (L-R) axis determined at start of week ___, with appearance of the primitive streak

A

week 3

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14
Q

Anterior-posterior (A-P) axis [head-tail] and left-right (L-R) axis determined at start of week 3, with appearance of the _____

A

primitive streak

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15
Q

The ______ appearance definesA-P and L-Raxes

A

primitive streak

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16
Q

The primitive streak appearance defines ___ and ____ axes

A

A-P and L-R axes

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17
Q

Furrow of primitive streak progressively elongates along midline•through process of ______

A

convergent extension

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18
Q

Cells of the _____ migrate through primitive streak to form mesoderm & embryonic (gut) endoderm

A

epiblast (layer 1)

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19
Q

Cells of the epiblast(layer 1) migrate through primitive streak to form ____ and ________

A

mesoderm & embryonic (gut) endoderm

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20
Q

The Epiblast layer, through process of epithelial to mesenchyme transformation (EMT), forms _____

A

mesoderm

21
Q

The Epiblast layer, through process of _______, forms mesoderm

A

epithelial to mesenchyme transformation (EMT)

22
Q

Movement of epiblast (ectoderm) to form ________ –both epithelia

A

embryonic endoderm

23
Q

Greater proliferation of ______ which germ layer because it also generates all mesoderm and embryonic endoderm.

A

epiblast (ectoderm)

24
Q

______: Anterior-most end (ventral side) of primitive streak is unique in both appearance and function; conserved structure across all vertebrates

A

Node

25
Q

_____ is Essential for:
•patterning and induction of embryonic cells (mesoderm and embryonic endoderm)
•establishment of the left-right symmetry

A

Node

26
Q

______
•most anterior region of mesoderm
•provides the signals for induction of head structures

A

prechordal plate

27
Q

______
•transient epithelial-like rod structure along the midline.
•provides the signals for induction of the neural plate

A

notochord

28
Q

The _____ Induces and specifies the fate of the mesoderm as it is formed

A

node

29
Q

The _____:
Creation of asymmetry in symmetrical embryo
•First establishes molecular asymmetry
•Conversion into asymmetric organogenesis

A

node

30
Q

Nodal cells each have _____ mobile cilium

A

one motile cilium

31
Q

A ____ is a membrane covered extension from the cell that has a microtubule cytoskeleton core which helps define the properties of the cilium; can be mechanosensory or rotational

A

cilium

32
Q

Nodal cilia have a _______ (for a few hours only)
•generates leftward flow
•thought to result in asymmetric distribution of morphogens

A

rotational beat

33
Q

T/F: Asymmetric expression of morphogenetic factors (eg.SHH, BMP4 & FGF8) around Node initiates cascade of gene expression to promote asymmetric specialisation / commitment of mesoderm

A

True

34
Q

T/F: Reproducible morphological & functional asymmetries in nearly all internal organs.

A

True

35
Q

Is Embryogenesis a generative process or descriptive?

A

Generative

36
Q

______ and ______ can result from:
* single changes in gene sequence
* combinations of ‘normal’ gene variants, or
•changes in the cellular ‘environment’ [epigenetic effects]

A

Malformation and normal phenotypic variation

37
Q

Factors from the mesoderm induce thickening of overlying ectoderm&raquo_space; ______

A

neural plate

38
Q

Signals from notochord induce a _____ point (floor plate) to help drive folding

A

‘hinge’ point

39
Q

T/F: The morphological difference of the anterior-most region of the neural tube reflects unique underlying cellular identities and thus different inductive cues (secreted factors)

A

True

40
Q

Closure of neural tube proceeds ____ and ____ from mid-region (directions_

A

anteriorly and posteriorly

41
Q

By end of week ____, head & neck region comprises ~half of embryo.

A

3

42
Q

By end of week 3, head & neck region comprises ~ _____

A

half of embryo

43
Q

The ______ membrane serves as the hinge point during cephalization

A

oropharyngeal

44
Q

T/F: Folding of whole embryo while cephalization occurs •Concomitant with formation of pharyngeal arches (> face & neck)
•Foregut and hindgut specialization

A

True

45
Q

a unique population of (pluripotent) stem-like cells originating at the ‘crest’ of the enclosing neural tube.
•Migrate ‘ventro-laterally’ to populate the ventral side of the embryo
•Differentiate into a wide variety of cell types / tissues

A

Neural crest cells

46
Q

____ generated by process of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)that is analogous to that generating the third germ layer (mesoderm)

A

NCC

47
Q

NCC generated by process of _______ that is analogous to that generating the third germ layer (mesoderm)

A

epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT)

48
Q

______ migration drives outgrowth of the primitive tissue masses that will form much of the head and neck; Unique in developmental potential (distinct from other neural crest cells)“second wave” of development(vertebrate-specific)> Major contributor to craniofacial structure, and specifically to mineralized tissues of the oral region

A

CNCC

49
Q

____ fate determined prior to departure from neural tube

A

CNCC

Growth and Development (12 decks)

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