Molecular genetics

Question 1

Griffith

Answer 1

injected mice with pneumonia, some lived, some died, discovered transformation

Question 2

Hershey and Chase

Answer 2

concluded that DNA, not protein was genetic material. DId this by using radioactivity

Question 3

Watson and Crick

Answer 3

discovered the double helix shape, made a backward model first, Franklin helped make changes

Question 4

Mendel

Answer 4

Discovered the laws of inheritance using his pea plants

Question 5

DNA replication

Answer 5

DNA must be copied before a cell divides (s phase), new cells need identical DNA strands

Question 6

DNA replication begins…

Answer 6

at the forks, as 2 strands open replication bubbles form

Question 7

Helicase

Answer 7

Enzyme that separates the 2 strands by breaking hydrogen bonds

Question 8

SSBP

Answer 8

attaches to forks to relieve stress and keep them from spiraling back.

Question 9

RNA Primers

Answer 9

signals primase to start

Question 10

primase

Answer 10

synthesizes RNA primers, which signals DNA polymerase to start working

Question 11

DNA polymerase

Answer 11

adds nucleotides to the 3 prime end

Question 12

Leading Strand

Answer 12

continues as a single strand

Question 13

Lagging strand

Answer 13

synthesizes discontinually making Okazaki fragments

Question 14

Okazaki Fragments

Answer 14

joined by an enzyme called ligase that makes it into a single strand

Question 15

Transcription (3 steps)

Answer 15

initiation, elongation, separation

Question 16

Initiation

Answer 16

finds promoter region and hooks into the tata box

Question 17

Elongation

Answer 17

Finds template strand

Question 18

Separation

Answer 18

RNA transcribe simultaneously terminator signals the end of transcription

Question 19

Translation

Answer 19

Ribosomes read the code and put into binding sites in groups of 3, starts with start codon AUG, tRNA is the anticodon that creates the strand by reading the opposite, stops when there is a stop codon.

Question 20

Silent Substitution

Answer 20

change in the last letter, but no change to the first two, therefore still the same

Question 21

Missense

Answer 21

1st or second letter changed, which therefore changes the whole thing.

Question 22

Frameshift

Answer 22

adding something

Question 23

Nonsense

Answer 23

run on, with no stop codon

Question 24

Operons

Answer 24

allow proteins to be reduced or induced

Question 25

Induction and repression

Answer 25

precise regulators that respond to effectors

Question 26

The Lac operon

Answer 26

consists of 3 genes, z,y, and a. when increasing levels of lactose are present then it binds to the repressor, changing its shape, which therefore causes it to release and RNA polymerase can copy

Question 27

The TRP Operon

Answer 27

5 gene sequence E, D, C, B, A, when there is no tryptophan shape of trp repressor changes, and repressor can no longer bind to the operon region, this causes. RNA polymerase to signal genes to start making tryptophan.