Homeostasis

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

a process by which a constant internal environment is maintained despite changes to the external environment

Question 2

Monitor

Answer 2

note receptor changes

Question 3

Coordinating Center

Answer 3

interprets monitor to put regulator into action, creator of a preset condition

Question 4

Regulator

Answer 4

effects bodily parts to return to the preset condition

Question 5

Urinary System (Renal System)

Answer 5

to eliminate waste, control blood volume, and regulate blood pressure

Question 6

key parts of the urinary system

Answer 6

kidney bladder urinary sphincter ureter urethra nephron

Question 7

when sphincter relaxes…

Answer 7

you pee

Question 8

kidney quantity and size

Answer 8

2, size of fist

Question 9

kidneys hold what percentage of blood

Answer 9

25% together at any given time

Question 10

Filter per day, per minute

Answer 10

Kidneys filter 200L of blood per day, 120ml per minute giving 119ml back

Question 11

urine formation steps

Answer 11

1. Filter 2. Reabsorption 3. Secretion

Question 12

What is filtration

Answer 12

Movement of fluids from blood to nephron. Each nephron has its own capillary supply.

Question 13

How does filtration work?

Answer 13

dissolved solutes pass from walls of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule.
H2O, NaCl, glucose, amino acids, h+ ions pass through
RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma proteins don’t pass through.

Question 14

filtration amount per minute

Answer 14

600mL pass through every minute, 20% is filtered out

Question 15

What does the nephron do in filtration

Answer 15

The nephron works to give the 119mL back by using passive, and active transport to create osmotic gradients which makes water move in the desired direction

Question 16

Bowmans Capsule

Answer 16

under high-pressure waste is forced from the glomerulus into the capsule, where RBC, WBC, platelets and plasma proteins are filtered out.

Question 17

Descending loop of henle

Answer 17

permable to salt via active transport, if large amounts of salt remain more water is returned through aquaporins

Question 18

1st part of ascending loop of Henle

Answer 18

Salts leave via active transport

Question 19

2nd part of ascending loop of Henle

Answer 19

Waste is less concentrated so access Na+, H+, K+ must be removed through active transport

Question 20

Proximal Tubule

Answer 20

Have multiple mitochondria, and actively transport Na+ ions out, Cl-, and HCO3 will follow. moving salts will also move h2O through.

Question 21

75-80% of water lost infiltration is returned to…

Answer 21

The end of the proximal tubule

Question 22

Water Balance

Answer 22

ADH regulates osmotic pressure of body fluids and blood volume, Aldosterone regulates body fluid volume. These work together via negative feedback. Osmotic receptors shrink when body fluids are low, this sends a signal to the pituitary gland, which releases ADH to travel to the distal tubule.

Question 23

Blood Pressure Regulation

Answer 23

juxtaglomerular apparatus detects blood pressure, blood pressure turns the apparatus on and releases renin into the blood stream, once entered it changes to anstinogen, anstinogen constricts blood vessels and increases aldosterone from the adrenal gland. Aldosterone causes the nephron to increase Na absorption at the distal tubule.

Question 24

Pituitary Gland

Answer 24

Master gland that is attached to the hypothalamus, composed of an anterior an posterior lobe

Question 25

Posterior Lobe

Answer 25

An endocrine gland in the hypothalamus that makes and stores ADH, and oxytocin

Question 26

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 26

manufactures its own chemicals

1. Human Growth Hormone
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. Adrenocortropic Hormone
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
5. Luteinizing Hormone
6. Prolactin

Question 27

Adrenal Gland

Answer 27

Located on top of kidneys, composed of 2 layers, inner medulla, and outer cortex

Question 28

Short-term stress response

Answer 28

hypothalamus activates the medulla by a direct nervous line, medulla releases epinephrine into the bloodstream

Question 29

Long-term Stress response

Answer 29

hypothalamus signals pituitary to release adrenocortropic hormone, which targets the cortex, which releases aldosterone and cortisol

Question 30

How nerve signals travel

Answer 30

a stimulus of -5omv threshold is released, voltage-gated sodium channels open Na+ floods in changing charge to +40mv, this is when the sodium channels close and potassium gated channels open overshooting to -90mv. Sodium-potassium pump kicks into reastablish -70mv, rest period before starting over.

Question 31

Synaptic process

Answer 31

the action potential is reached, axon terminus is depolarized, this causes the voltage-gated channels to open so calcium floods in. This flood causes the neurotransmitter vesicles to migrate to the presynaptic cleft, this ruptures and causes synapse to flood. The neurotransmitter binds to the ligand-gated receptors on the dendrite. Sodium channels open, and sodium rushes in, and dendrite is depolarized. Eventually, neurotransmitter releases and channel closes.